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A&P II Exam 2
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Epicardium | Serous membrane layer outside or covering the surface of the heart |
| Myocardium | Heart muscle |
| Parietal layer | The outermost layer of the pericardial sac |
| Endocardium | The inside lining of the heart |
| 5. The pacemaker of the heart is the | S-A Node |
| 6. The ______ are found in the interventricular septum. | ventricules |
| 7. What is the name of the network found in the ventricular myocardium. | fibrous skeleton of the heart |
| 8. The point in the conduction system of the heart where the impulse is temporarily delayed is the. | AV node |
| 9. Which valve prevents backflow into the left ventricle. | aortic semilunar valve |
| 10. Which valve prevents backflow into the right atrium. | tricuspid valve |
| 11. Which valve prevents backflow into the left atrium. | bicuspid (mitral)valve |
| Which valve prevent backflow into the right ventricle. | pulmonary semilunar valve |
| 12. Which valves prevent backflow into the ventricles. | semilunar valves |
| 13. Which AV valve has two flaps. | bicuspid(mitral) |
| 14. Which AV valve has three flaps. | tricuspid valve |
| 15. Normal heart sounds are caused by ____ | Closing of valves |
| 16. What is cardiac reserve and what circumstances can alter it? | Cardiac reserve is the difference between resting and maximal CO |
| 17. Hemorrhage with a large loss of blood causes what changes in blood pressure | pumps blood against greater resistance |
| 18. The left ventricular wall of the heart is thicker than the right wall in order to: | Pump blood with a greater pressure |
| 19. Damage to the ________ is referred to as heart block. | AV node |
| 20. Blood within the pulmonary veins returns to the: | left atrium |
| 21. Small muscle masses attached to the chordae tendineae are the: | papillary muscles |
| 22. The term for pain associated with deficient blood delivery to the heart that may be caused by the transient spasm of coronary arteries is: | Angina pectoris |
| 23. To auscultate the aortic semilunar valve, you would place your stethoscope: | over the right sternal border & the 2nd intercostal space |
| 24. Blood is carried to capillaries in the myocardium by way of: | Coronary arteries |
| 25. When the heart is beating at a rate of 75 times per minute, the duration of one cardiac cycle is _____ second(s). | 60 |
| 26. List the factors which influence heart rate? | age, gender, body temperature, chemicals, autonomic nervous system exercise |
| 27. If cardiac muscle is deprived of its normal blood supply, damage would primarily result from: | loss of oxygen in the heart, which causes heart attack |
| 28. Cardiac muscle cells are like skeletal muscle cells in that they: | straited |
| 29. Cardiac output is about __ L/min. | 5.25 |
| 30. What is the pericardial cavity? | the space between the layers of the pericardium that contains fluid that lubricates the membrane surfaces and allows easy heart movement |
| 31. If the length of the absolute refractory period in cardiac muscle cells was the same as it is for skeletal muscle cells what would the result be? | tetanic contractions; stop the heart’s pumping action |
| 32. Norepinephrine acts on heart muscle cells by: | Sympathetic stimulation releases norepinephrine and initiates a cyclic AMP second-messenger system |
| 33. If the vagal nerves to the heart were cut, the result would be that: | the HR would increase by about 25 beats/min |
| 34. The stroke volume for a normal resting heart is ________ ml/beat. | 70 |
| 35. Which vessel of the heart receives blood during right ventricular systole? | pulmonary trunk |
| 36. Blood enters which vessels during ventricular systole? | Aorta and pulmonary artery |
| 37. When is the tricuspid valve is closed: | the ventricle is in systole |
| 38. When holding a dissected heart in your hands, it is easy to orient the right and left side by: | noticing the thickness of the ventricle walls |
| 39. Describe the function of myocardial cells compared to skeletal muscle cells. | myocardial have long refractory periods and skeletal have short refractory periods |
| 40. Describe the structure of the heart wall. | T-wave, indicates repolarization |
| 41. The deflection waves in an ECG tracing include | the T wave, which indicates ventricular repolarization |
| 42. Describe the events during the period of ventricular filling: | pressure in the heart is low, blood returning from circ is flowing passively thru the atria & then open AV valves into ventricules |
| 44. The heart sound is heard during which phase of the cardiac cycle? | Ventricular systole |
| 45. Stenosis of the mitral valve may initially cause a pressure increase in the: | blood pressure |
| 48. Describe the factors which influence cardiac output. | CO is the product of heart rate (HR) and stroke volume (SV) |
| 50. Define isovolumetric contraction: | for a split second, the ventricles are completely closed chambers and blood volume in the chambers remain constant |
| 51. Define negative chronotropic factors | Negative chronotropes decrease the heart rate. |
| 52. The enlarged coronary vessel outside the heart that empties blood into the right atrium is the ________. | vena cava |
| 53. The ________ cells of the heart do not maintain stable resting membrane potentials; therefore, they continually depolarize. | SN Node |
| 54. Specialized conductive cells of the ventricles are called ________ fibers. | purkinje |
| 55. The ECG T wave interval represents ________. | ventricular repolarization |
| 56. CO = ________ × SV. | HR |
| 57. The __ membrane covers the heart. | Pericardium |
| 58. The ________ valve of the heart has three valves with chordae tendineae. | atrioventricular |
| 59. ________ valves of the heart have no chordae tendineae attached. | semilunar |
| 60. Define systole and diastole. Which heart chambers are usually referenced when these terms are used? | Systole – contraction of heart muscle; Diastole – relaxation of heart muscle |
| 61. Define the terms end diastolic volume (EDV) and end systolic volume (ESV) and relate them to the calculation of stroke volume. | SV =(EDV) minus (ESV); EDV = amount of blood collected in a ventricle during diastole; ESV = amount of blood remaining in a ventricle after contraction |
| 62. What is the difference between the auricles and the atrium? | an auricle receives blood from the veins & forces it into a ventricle |
| 64. What two important functions does the cardiac conduction system perform? | controls heart rate and generates electrical impulses stimulating the heart to contract & pump blood |
| 65. Explain autorhythmicity in cardiac muscle cells. | Autorhythmic cells: Initiate action potentials; Have unstable resting potentials called pacemaker potentials; Use calcium influx (rather than sodium) for rising phase of the action potential |
| 66. Why is oxygen so much more critical to the heart muscle than to skeletal muscles? | When heart muscle is deprived of oxygen that is what is known as a heart attack |
| 67. What is the functional importance of the intercalated discs of cardiac muscle? What is the functional importance of the fibrous skeleton of the heart? | they allow for a quick transmission of the action potential so the entire chamber can contract as one unit and as site of attachment for muscles and supports structures for cardia valves |
| 68. What is bradycardia? | A heart rate less than 60 beats a minute |
| 72. Which artery is the largest artery of the body; | Aorta |
| 73. Which artery supplies the kidneys. | Renal artery |
| 74. Which artery supplies the duodenum and stomach. | gastroduodenal |
| 75. Which artery supplies the distal areas of the large intestine. | inferior mesenteric artery |
| 76. Which artery supplies pelvic structures. | gonadal arteries (ovarian or testicular) |
| 77. Which artery does not anastomose. | horizontal ventrical duodinum |
| 78. Which artery gives rise to the right common carotid and right subclavian artery. | brachiocephlic trunk |
| 79. Which artery supplies the lower limbs. | external iliac artery |
| 80. Which artery is the common site to take the pulse. | radial pulse |
| 81. Which artery is the major supply to the cerebral hemispheres. | middle cerebral arteries |
| 82. Which artery is a large unpaired branch of the abdominal aorta. | superior mesenteric artery |
| 83. Abdominal aorta splits to form two ____________ arteries | right and left illiac |
| 84. Which vein receives blood from all areas superior to the diaphragm, except the heart wall. | superior vena cava |
| 85. Which vessel carries oxygen-poor blood to the lungs. | pulmonary arteries |
| 86. Which vein drains the scalp. | external juglar veins |
| 87. Which vein runs through the armpit. | brachial vein |
| 89. Which artery is usually palpated to take the blood pressure. | brachial artery |
| 90. Which artery is the major artery of the thigh. | femoral artery |
| 91. Which artery supplies the small intestine. | superior mesenteric artery |
| 92. Which vessel carries oxygen-rich blood from the lungs. | pulmonary |
| 93. Which vein is longest vein in the body, superficial. | great saphenous vein |
| 94. What is the site where resistance to blood flow is greatest. | Arterioles |
| 95. What is the site where exchanges of food and gases are made. | Capillaries |
| 96. What is the site where blood pressure is lowest. | right atrium |
| 97. What is the site where the velocity of blood flow is fastest. | Large arteries |
| 98. What is the site where the velocity of blood flow is slowest. | Capillaries |
| 99. What is the site where the blood volume is greatest. | large veins |
| 100. What is the site where the blood pressure is greatest. | Large arteries |
| 101. What is the site that is the major determinant of peripheral resistance. | large arteries close to the small diameter arterioles |
| 102. What are the three main factors influencing blood pressure? | cardiac output, peripheral resistance, blood volume |
| 103. List the chemicals that control blood pressure? | ADH, Atrial natriuretic peptide, nitric oxide |
| 104. Describe the structure and function of arteries? | All carry blood away from the heart |
| 105. Which tunic of an artery contains endothelium? | Intima |
| 106. Permitting the exchange of nutrients and gases between the blood and tissue cells is the primary function of: | Capillaries |
| 107. The circulatory route that runs from the digestive tract to the liver is called: | hepatic portal system |
| 108. The arteries that are also called distributing arteries are the: | muscular |
| 109. Aldosterone will be released under what circumstances and have what specific effects | Aldesterone will promote an increase in blood pressure |
| 110. The pulse pressure is: | systoilic pressure minus diastolic pressure |
| 111. Describe the signs of hypovolemic shock. Which sign is a relatively late sign? | results from large scale loss of blood, as might follow acute hemorrhage, severe vomiting or diarrhea, or extensive burns |
| 112. Describe the circulatory events that are likely during vigorous exercise? | capillaries of the active muscles will be engorged w/ blood, skin will be cold & clammy, blood will be rapidly diverted to the digestive organs |
| 113. Continuous capillaries: (what are they and where are they found) | are abundant in skin and skeletal muscles |
| 114. Describe the structure and function of veins? | venules join to form veins, usually have 3 distinct tunics, their walls are always thinner & their lumens larger than those of corresponding arteries |
| 115. Venous anastomoses: (what are they and where do they occur) | abundant occlusion of vein that rarely blocks blood flow or leads to tissue death |
| 116. Peripheral resistance: (what is it and how does it change) | increases as blood viscosity increases |
| 120. Describe the types of circulatory shock? | vascular, due to extreme vasodilation as a result of loss of vasomotor tone |
| 121. Which tunic of an artery is most responsible for maintaining blood pressure and continuous blood circulation? | media |
| 122. The influence of blood vessel diameter on peripheral resistance is: | significant b/c resistance is directly proportional to the blood vessel diameter. Peripheral resistance is greatest in capillaries which have the narrowest diameter |
| 123. The form of circulatory shock known as hypovolemic shock is: | results from large-scale blood loss |
| 124. In the dynamics of blood flow through capillaries, hydrostatic pressure: (what is it and what does it do): | opposition to flow & measure of the amount of friction blood encounters as it passes through the vessels |
| 125. Describe the role of the hepatic portal vein: | directs blood from parts of the gastrointestinal tract to liver |
| 126. What organs contain anastomosing vessels? | heart |
| 127. What factors influence arterial pulse rate? | nervousness & type of physical activity, age, weight, health |
| 128. List the structure that are involved directly in pulmonary circulation? | Right ventricle, pulmonary artery, and left atrium |
| 129. Histologically, which blood vessel layer is squamous epithelium supported by a sparse connective tissue layer. | tunica interna includes a layer of simple squamous epithelium |
| 130. The arteries that directly feed into the capillary beds are called: | arterioles |
| 131. Fenestrated capillaries (how do they function and where are they found) | have windows that allows larger molecules in & out of capillaries |
| 132. Modified capillaries that are lined with phagocytes are called: | sinusoids |
| 133. List the factors that aid venous return. | activity of skeletal muscles, pressure changes in the thorax & venous valves |
| 134. What blood pressure readings are indicative of hypertension? (age and systolic/diastolic | ’s) |
| 135. Describe the factors that influence blood pressure. | strength of the heart beat, the elasticity of the arterial walls, the volume & viscousity of the blood, & a person’s health, age & physical condition |
| 139. A thrombus (blood clot) in the first branch of the arch of the aorta would affect the flow of blood to the: | the 1st branches of the aorta of the coronary arteries, blocking them would cut supply to the heart |
| 140. Cerebral blood flow is regulated by ______________ | changes in blood pressure & in the blood viscousity alike |
| 141. A patient with essential hypertension might have pressures of 200/120 mm Hg. This hypertensive state could result in what changes | damage to the artery & the heart, brain and kidney |
| 142. List the blood vessels attached to the circle of Willis? | arteia, arterial blood vessel, & artery |
| 143. Secondary hypertension can be caused by what factors | arteriosclerosis |
| 145. The first major branch of the aortic arch is the ________ branch. | brachiocephalic |
| 146. The most common form of shock is ___. | hypovolemic |
| 147. ________ is one of the most potent vasoconstrictors known and it is one of the endothelium-derived factors. | endothelia |
| 148. A ________ capillary has many oval holes in it. | fenestrated |
| 149. Arterial ________ provide alternate pathways for blood to get to an organ. | systems |
| 150. The ________ in the carotid sinuses and aortic arch detect increases in blood pressure. | sinus receptors |
| 154. The ________ supply the brain with blood. | lungs supply oxygen to blood to the blood & blood is pumped to brain by heart |
| 155. ________ pressure is the difference between systolic and diastolic pressure. | pulse |
| 157. The lowest venous blood pressure is found in the ________. | vena cava |
| 158. As a cuff is deflated on the arm, sounds of ________ can be heard. | vanish temporarily |
| 159. Which type of blood vessels contain valves and what is their function? | long and short saphenous veins |
| 160. Describe the forces that determine fluid movements across capillary walls. | diffusion |
| Vasoconstriction | decrease in the diameter of blood vessels |
| Vasodilation | widening of blood vessels due to relaxation of the muscular wall of the vessel |
| 162. Consider the diameter of one 4-mm blood vessel and two 2-mm blood vessels. Would the two 2-mm vessels carry more, less, or the same amount of fluid, given that pressure is a constant? Why? | 2mm vessel would contain half the blood of the 4 mm vessel |
| 163. Based on what we have learned about the regulation of blood flow to various organs, do you think it is wiser to rest or exercise after a heavy meal? Explain your answer. | if you’ve eaten a lot, then exercising after a meal is not a good idea, when you eat a significant protion blood is diverted to stoach and intestines less available for muscle |
| 164. The average thickness of an arteriole is six times that of the average venule, why? | arteriole has alumen diameter of 3mm. it has all 3 tunics, but its mostly smooth muscle, have cholinergic, alpha, beta |
| 165. Why do the blood vessel colors appear backwards on the models of the heart and the lungs? | in the rest of the body blood has oxygen, blood returning needs oxygen |
| 166. The abdominal aorta divides into three arteries at its terminus, what are they? | left gastric, the hepatic, and the splenic |
| 170. Protein-containing fluid within lymphatic vessels is called | lymph |
| 171. List the lymphoid tissues that are part of MALT. | Peyer’s patches, tonsils, and the appendix (digestive tract) Lymphoid nodules in the walls of the bronchi (respiratory tract) |
| 172. What structure receives lymph from most of the body. | thoracic duct |
| 173. What are Peyer's patches and where are they found | isolated clusters of lymphoid tissue, similar to tonsils; Found in the wall of the distal portion of the small intestine (Similar structures are found in the appendix) |
| 174. List the functions of the spleen | Site of lymphocyte proliferation; Immune surveillance and response; Cleanses the blood |
| 175. What is the largest lymphatic organ. | spleen |
| 176. Small organs associated with lymphatic vessels are termed: | lymph nodes |
| 177. List the lymphatic structures | lymph nodes, lymph, lymph vessels, lymphatic ducts |
| 178. The distal portion of the small intestine contains clumps of lymph follicles called: | Peyer’s patch |
| 179. Both lymph and venous blood flow are heavily dependent on: | skeletal muscle contraction & differences in thoracic pressures due to respiratory movement |
| 180. The thymus is most active during: | most active during childhood |
| 181. Which lymphatic structure drains lymph from the right upper limb and the right side of the head and thorax? | Right lymphatic duct |
| 182. What effect does age have on the size of the thymus? | gets smaller as person gets older |
| 184. Antibodies that act against a particular foreign substance are released by: | T-Lymphocites |
| 185. Lymph leaves a lymph node via ________________ | efferent vessels |
| 186. By secreting hormones, the thymus causes what cells to become immunocompetent? | T lymphocytes |
| 187. When the lymphatics are blocked due to tumors, the result is: | edema (lymphedema) |
| 188. Describe lymph transport. | The lymphatic system lacks an organ that acts as a pump; Vessels are low-pressure conduits; Uses the same methods as veins to propel lymph |
| 189. Describe the two main types of lymphocytes. | T cells and B cells protect the body against antigens |
| 190. Describe the structure and function of lymphoid tissue. | Diffuse lymphatic tissue – scattered reticular tissue elements in every body organ; Lymphatic follicles (nodules) – solid, spherical bodies consisting of tightly packed reticular elements and cells |
| 191. A ring of lymphoid tissue that appears as a swelling of the mucosa in the oral cavity is called a(n): | palatine tonsils |
| 192. Lymph collecting or pooling from the lower extremities would first pool in the ________ before moving on up. | cisterna chyli |
| 193. What is a bubo? | the swelling of lymph nodes |
| 194. What is the function of a Hassall's corpuscle? | site of T Cell destruction in the Thymus |
| 195. Particularly large clusters of lymph nodes occur in which locations in the body | near the body surface in the inguinal, axillary, and cervical regions |
| 196. List the digestive tract-associated lymphatic tissues | Peyer’s patches, tonsils, and the appendix |
| 197. Describe the functions of the lymphatic system | Returns interstitial fluid and leaked plasma proteins back to the blood |
| 198. The tonsils located at the base of the tongue are the: | Lingual tonsils |
| 199. Describe the normal components of lymph | watery substance and plasma proteins |
| 200. The ________ are the simplest lymphoid organs and are found at the entrance to the pharynx. | tonsils |
| 201. The appendix, tonsils, and Peyer's patches are collectively called ________. | MALT |
| 202. Highly specialized lymph capillaries called ________ are present in the villi of the intestinal mucosa. | lacteals |
| 203. The thoracic duct of the lymphatic system empties into the ________. | arises from the cisterna chyli and drains the rest of the body |
| 204. Lymph nodes have more ________ lymphatic vessels than ________ lymphatic vessels. | afferent; efferent |
| 205. Of the organs in the lymphatic system, only the ________ becomes less important as you get older. | thymus |
| 206. Tonsils have blind-ended structures called ________. | crypts |
| 207. Hassall's corpuscles are always found in the lighter-colored ________ regions of the thymus. | medullary |
| 208. The ________ pulp of the spleen forms cuffs around the central arteries. | white pulp |
| 209. Lymphatic ________ are formed from the union of the largest collecting vessels. | trunks |
| 211. Describe the mechanisms by which lymphatic fluid is moved through the lymphatics. | milking action of skeletal muscle, pressure changes in thorax, vavles to prevent back flow, and pulsations of nearby arteries |
| 212. What is the consequence of obstruction of the lymphatics? | lymphanitis |
| 214. What is the special role of the thymus gland? | it enables t-lymphocytes to function against specific pathogens in the immune system |
| Palatine tonsils – | either side of the posterior end of the oral cavity |
| Lingual tonsils – | lie at the base of the tongue |
| Pharyngeal tonsil – | posterior wall of the nasopharynx |
| Tubal tonsils – | surround the openings of the auditory tubes into the pharynx |
| 217. In the thymus, what is the difference in the lymphocyte density of the cortex versus the medulla? | The cortex contains densely packed lymphocytes and scattered macrophages; The medulla contains fewer lymphocytes and thymic (Hassall’s) corpuscles |
| 218. Contrast the structure of blood and lymph capillaries. | Similar to blood capillaries, with modifications; Remarkably permeable; Loosely joined endothelial minivalves; Withstand interstitial pressure and remain open |
| 220. How does the structure of a lymph node allow lymphocytes and macrophages to perform their protective function? | Macrophages reside on these fibers and phagocytize foreign matter |
| 221. Explain the term MALT. What is its function? | MALT – mucosa-associated lymphatic tissue; MALT protects the digestive and respiratory systems from foreign matter |
| 47. If we were able to artificially alter the membrane permeability of pacemaker cells so that sodium influx is more rapid what would happen? | threshold is reached more quickly, and heart rate increases |
| 117. Describe brain blood flow autoregulation: | brain tissue is extremely sensitive to declines in pH, and increase CO2 causes marked vasodilation |
| 118. Blood flow to the skin: (how does it change and under what circumstances) | blood flows to the venus plexus under the surface; changes with temp |
| 119. Describe the movement of materials at the capillary level. | 1 diffusion thru membrane 2 throughout intercellular clefts 3 thru fenestrations 4 Via vesicles or caveolae |
| 137. Describe changes in the velocity of blood flow throughout the circulatory system. How does velocity relate to vessel diameter? | changes as it travels through systemic circulation its inversely proportional to the cross section area |
| Circulatory shock – | any condition in which blood vessels are inadequately filled and blood cannot circulate normally |
| Hypovolemic shock – | results from large-scale blood loss |
| Vascular shock – | poor circulation resulting from extreme vasodilation |
| Cardiogenic shock – | the heart cannot sustain adequate circulation |
Created by:
Brison