In each blank, try to type in the
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If your not sure what answer should be entered, press the space bar and the next missing letter will be displayed. When you are all done, you should look back over all your answers and review the ones in red. These ones in red are the ones which you needed help on. Question: Answer: Serous membrane layer outside or the surface of the heart Question:
Myocardium Answer: Heart Question:
Parietal Answer: The outermost layer of the sac Question: Answer: The inside of the heart Question:
5. The pacemaker of the heart is Answer: S-A Question:
6. The ______ are found in the interventricular septum. Answer: Question:
7. What is the name of the found in the ventricular myocardium.Answer: fibrous of the heart Question:
8. The in the conduction system of the heart where the impulse is temporarily delayed is the.Answer: AV node Question:
9. Which prevents backflow into the left ventricle.Answer: aortic semilunar Question:
10. Which valve backflow into the right atrium.Answer: tricuspid Question:
11. Which valve prevents backflow into the left .Answer: (mitral)valve Question: Which valve prevent backflow into the ventricle.Answer: semilunar valve Question:
12. Which prevent backflow into the ventricles.Answer: valves Question:
13. Which AV has two flaps. Answer: (mitral) Question:
14. Which AV has three flaps. Answer: tricuspid Question:
15. Normal heart sounds are caused by ____Answer: Closing of Question:
16. What is reserve and what circumstances can alter it? Answer: Cardiac reserve is the between resting and maximal CO Question:
17. Hemorrhage with a large loss of blood causes what changes in blood Answer: pumps blood against greater Question:
18. The left wall of the heart is thicker than the right wall in order to: Answer: Pump with a greater pressure Question:
19. Damage to the ________ is referred to as heart block. Answer: AV Question:
20. Blood the pulmonary veins returns to the: Answer: left Question:
21. Small muscle masses to the chordae tendineae are the: Answer: papillary Question:
22. The term for pain with deficient blood delivery to the heart that may be caused by the transient spasm of coronary arteries is:Answer: Angina Question:
23. To the aortic semilunar valve, you would place your stethoscope:Answer: over the right sternal & the 2nd intercostal space Question:
24. Blood is carried to in the myocardium by way of: Answer: arteries Question:
25. When the heart is beating at a rate of 75 times per minute, the duration of one cardiac cycle is _____ second(s).Answer: Question:
26. List the factors which influence rate? Answer: age, gender, body temperature, chemicals, nervous system exercise Question:
27. If cardiac muscle is deprived of its blood supply, damage would primarily result from: Answer: loss of in the heart, which causes heart attack Question:
28. Cardiac cells are like skeletal muscle cells in that they:Answer: straited Question:
29. Cardiac is about __ L/min. Answer: 5.25 Question:
30. What is the cavity?Answer: the space between the layers of the pericardium that contains fluid that lubricates the membrane and allows easy heart movement Question:
31. If the length of the absolute refractory period in cardiac cells was the same as it is for skeletal muscle cells what would the result be? Answer: tetanic contractions; stop the heart’s action Question:
32. Norepinephrine acts on heart muscle by: Answer: Sympathetic stimulation releases norepinephrine and initiates a AMP second-messenger system Question:
33. If the vagal nerves to the heart were cut, the would be that:Answer: the HR would increase by about 25 /min Question:
34. The stroke volume for a normal resting heart is ________ ml/beat. Answer: Question:
35. Which vessel of the heart receives blood during right ventricular ?Answer: pulmonary Question:
36. Blood enters which vessels during ventricular ? Answer: Aorta and artery Question:
37. When is the valve is closed:Answer: the is in systole Question:
38. When holding a dissected heart in your hands, it is easy to orient the and left side by:Answer: noticing the of the ventricle walls Question:
39. Describe the function of myocardial cells compared to skeletal muscle .Answer: myocardial have long refractory and skeletal have short refractory periods Question:
40. Describe the of the heart wall. Answer: T-wave, indicates Question:
41. The waves in an ECG tracing include Answer: the T wave, which indicates repolarization Question:
42. Describe the events during the period of filling:Answer: pressure in the heart is low, returning from circ is flowing passively thru the atria & then open AV valves into ventricules Question: 44. The heart sound is during which phase of the cardiac cycle? Answer: systole Question:
45. Stenosis of the mitral may initially cause a pressure increase in the:Answer: blood Question: 48. Describe the factors influence cardiac output.Answer: CO is the product of heart rate (HR) and volume (SV) Question:
50. Define isovolumetric :Answer: for a split second, the ventricles are completely closed chambers and blood in the chambers remain constant Question:
51. Define chronotropic factors Answer: Negative decrease the heart rate. Question:
52. The enlarged coronary vessel outside the heart that empties blood into the right atrium is the ________. Answer: vena Question:
53. The ________ cells of the heart do not maintain stable resting membrane potentials; therefore, they continually depolarize. Answer: SN Question:
54. Specialized conductive cells of the ventricles are called ________ fibers. Answer: Question:
55. The ECG T wave interval represents ________. Answer: ventricular Question:
56. CO = ________ × SV. Answer: HR Question: 57. The __ membrane covers the .Answer: Question: 58. The ________ valve of the heart has three valves with chordae tendineae.Answer: Question:
59. ________ valves of the heart have no chordae tendineae attached.Answer: Question:
60. Define systole and diastole. heart chambers are usually referenced when these terms are used? Answer: Systole – contraction of heart muscle; Diastole – relaxation of muscle Question:
61. Define the terms end diastolic volume (EDV) and end systolic (ESV) and relate them to the calculation of stroke volume. Answer: SV =(EDV) (ESV); EDV = amount of blood collected in a ventricle during diastole; ESV = amount of blood remaining in a ventricle after contraction Question:
62. What is the difference the auricles and the atrium? Answer: an auricle blood from the veins & forces it into a ventricle Question:
64. What two functions does the cardiac conduction system perform? Answer: controls heart rate and generates electrical impulses stimulating the heart to & pump blood Question:
65. Explain autorhythmicity in cardiac cells.Answer: Autorhythmic cells: Initiate action potentials; Have unstable potentials called pacemaker potentials; Use calcium influx (rather than sodium) for rising phase of the action potential Question:
66. Why is oxygen so much more critical to the heart muscle than to muscles? Answer: When heart muscle is of oxygen that is what is known as a heart attack Question:
67. What is the importance of the intercalated discs of cardiac muscle? What is the functional importance of the fibrous skeleton of the heart? Answer: they allow for a quick transmission of the action potential so the entire can contract as one unit and as site of attachment for muscles and supports structures for cardia valves Question:
68. What is ? Answer: A heart rate less than 60 beats a Question:
72. Which is the largest artery of the body;Answer: Question:
73. Which supplies the kidneys.Answer: Renal Question:
74. Which artery supplies the and stomach. Answer: gastroduodenal Question:
75. Which artery supplies the areas of the large intestine.Answer: inferior mesenteric Question:
76. Which supplies pelvic structures.Answer: arteries (ovarian or testicular) Question:
77. Which does not anastomose.Answer: horizontal ventrical Question:
78. Which artery gives rise to the common carotid and right subclavian artery.Answer: brachiocephlic Question:
79. Which supplies the lower limbs.Answer: iliac artery Question:
80. Which artery is the site to take the pulse.Answer: radial Question:
81. Which artery is the major supply to the hemispheres.Answer: middle arteries Question:
82. Which artery is a large unpaired branch of the abdominal .Answer: superior mesenteric Question:
83. Abdominal aorta splits to form two ____________ arteriesAnswer: and left illiac Question:
84. Which vein receives blood from all areas superior to the , except the heart wall. Answer: superior vena Question:
85. Which carries oxygen-poor blood to the lungs. Answer: arteries Question:
86. Which vein the scalp. Answer: external juglar Question:
87. Which vein runs the armpit.Answer: brachial Question:
89. Which artery is usually palpated to take the pressure.Answer: brachial Question:
90. Which artery is the artery of the thigh.Answer: femoral Question:
91. Which supplies the small intestine. Answer: superior artery Question:
92. Which carries oxygen-rich blood from the lungs.Answer: Question:
93. Which vein is longest vein in the body, .Answer: saphenous vein Question:
94. What is the site resistance to blood flow is greatest.Answer: Arterioles Question:
95. What is the site where of food and gases are made.Answer: Question:
96. What is the site blood pressure is lowest. Answer: atrium Question:
97. What is the site where the of blood flow is fastest. Answer: Large Question:
98. What is the site where the velocity of blood flow is . Answer: Capillaries Question:
99. What is the site where the blood volume is . Answer: veins Question:
100. What is the site where the pressure is greatest. Answer: arteries Question:
101. What is the site that is the major determinant of peripheral . Answer: large arteries close to the small arterioles Question:
102. What are the main factors influencing blood pressure? Answer: cardiac output, resistance, blood volume Question:
103. List the that control blood pressure? Answer: ADH, Atrial natriuretic peptide, oxide Question:
104. Describe the and function of arteries? Answer: All carry blood away from the Question: . Which tunic of an artery contains endothelium? Answer: Intima Question:
106. Permitting the of nutrients and gases between the blood and tissue cells is the primary function of: Answer: Question: . The circulatory route that runs from the digestive tract to the liver is called:Answer: portal system Question: . The arteries that are also called distributing arteries are the:Answer: Question:
109. Aldosterone will be released under what circumstances and have what effects Answer: Aldesterone will promote an increase in pressure Question:
110. The pressure is:Answer: systoilic pressure minus pressure Question:
111. Describe the signs of hypovolemic shock. sign is a relatively late sign?Answer: results from large scale loss of blood, as might follow acute hemorrhage, severe vomiting or diarrhea, or extensive Question:
112. Describe the circulatory events that are likely during vigorous ?Answer: capillaries of the muscles will be engorged w/ blood, skin will be cold & clammy, blood will be rapidly diverted to the digestive organs Question:
113. Continuous capillaries: (what are they and are they found)Answer: are abundant in skin and skeletal Question:
114. Describe the structure and of veins?Answer: venules join to form veins, usually have 3 distinct tunics, walls are always thinner & their lumens larger than those of corresponding arteries Question:
115. Venous anastomoses: (what are they and do they occur)Answer: abundant occlusion of vein that rarely blocks blood flow or to tissue death Question:
116. Peripheral resistance: (what is it and how does it )Answer: increases as blood viscosity Question: 120. Describe the types of circulatory ? Answer: , due to extreme vasodilation as a result of loss of vasomotor tone Question:
121. Which tunic of an artery is most responsible for maintaining blood pressure and continuous circulation? Answer: media Question:
122. The of blood vessel diameter on peripheral resistance is:Answer: significant b/c resistance is directly proportional to the blood vessel diameter. resistance is greatest in capillaries which have the narrowest diameter Question:
123. The form of circulatory shock known as hypovolemic is: Answer: results from large-scale loss Question:
124. In the dynamics of blood flow through capillaries, pressure: (what is it and what does it do): Answer: opposition to flow & measure of the amount of friction blood encounters as it through the vessels Question:
125. Describe the role of the portal vein: Answer: directs blood from parts of the gastrointestinal to liver Question: . What organs contain anastomosing vessels? Answer: heart Question:
127. What factors influence pulse rate? Answer: nervousness & type of activity, age, weight, health Question:
128. List the structure that are directly in pulmonary circulation? Answer: Right ventricle, pulmonary , and left atrium Question:
129. Histologically, which blood vessel layer is squamous epithelium supported by a connective tissue layer.Answer: tunica includes a layer of simple squamous epithelium Question:
130. The arteries that directly feed into the beds are called: Answer: arterioles Question:
131. Fenestrated (how do they function and where are they found) Answer: have windows that allows larger molecules in & out of Question:
132. Modified capillaries that are lined with phagocytes are : Answer: Question:
133. List the factors that aid return.Answer: activity of skeletal muscles, pressure changes in the & venous valves Question:
134. What blood pressure readings are indicative of ? (age and systolic/diastolic Answer: ’s) Question:
135. Describe the that influence blood pressure. Answer: strength of the heart beat, the elasticity of the arterial walls, the volume & viscousity of the blood, & a person’s health, age & physical Question:
139. A thrombus (blood clot) in the branch of the arch of the aorta would affect the flow of blood to the: Answer: the 1st branches of the aorta of the coronary arteries, blocking them would cut supply to the Question:
140. Cerebral blood flow is regulated by ______________ Answer: changes in blood pressure & in the blood viscousity Question: . A patient with essential hypertension might have pressures of 200/120 mm Hg. This hypertensive state could result in what changes Answer: damage to the artery & the , brain and kidney Question:
142. List the blood vessels attached to the of Willis? Answer: arteia, arterial blood , & artery Question:
143. Secondary can be caused by what factorsAnswer: arteriosclerosis Question:
145. The first major branch of the aortic arch is the ________ branch. Answer: Question:
146. The most form of shock is ___. Answer: hypovolemic Question:
147. ________ is one of the most potent vasoconstrictors known and it is one of the endothelium-derived factors.Answer: Question:
148. A ________ capillary has many oval holes in it. Answer: Question:
149. Arterial ________ provide alternate pathways for blood to get to an organ. Answer: Question:
150. The ________ in the carotid sinuses and aortic arch detect increases in blood pressure.Answer: receptors Question:
154. The ________ supply the brain with blood. Answer: lungs oxygen to blood to the blood & blood is pumped to brain by heart Question:
155. ________ pressure is the difference between systolic and diastolic pressure. Answer: Question:
157. The lowest venous blood pressure is found in the ________. Answer: vena Question:
158. As a cuff is deflated on the arm, sounds of ________ can be heard. Answer: temporarily Question:
159. Which type of blood vessels valves and what is their function? Answer: long and short saphenous Question:
160. Describe the forces that determine fluid movements across walls. Answer: diffusion Question: Answer: in the diameter of blood vessels Question: Answer: widening of blood vessels due to relaxation of the muscular wall of the Question:
162. Consider the diameter of one 4-mm blood vessel and two 2-mm blood vessels. Would the two 2-mm vessels carry more, less, or the same amount of fluid, given that pressure is a ? Why? Answer: 2mm vessel would contain half the blood of the 4 mm Question:
163. Based on what we have learned about the regulation of blood flow to various organs, do you think it is wiser to rest or exercise after a heavy meal? your answer. Answer: if you’ve eaten a lot, then exercising after a meal is not a good idea, when you eat a significant protion blood is diverted to stoach and intestines less for muscle Question:
164. The average thickness of an is six times that of the average venule, why? Answer: arteriole has alumen diameter of 3mm. it has all 3 tunics, but its smooth muscle, have cholinergic, alpha, beta Question:
165. Why do the blood vessel colors appear backwards on the of the heart and the lungs?Answer: in the rest of the body blood has oxygen, blood returning oxygen Question:
166. The abdominal aorta divides into three arteries at its , what are they?Answer: left gastric, the , and the splenic Question:
170. Protein-containing fluid within lymphatic vessels is Answer: lymph Question:
171. List the tissues that are part of MALT.Answer: Peyer’s patches, tonsils, and the (digestive tract) Lymphoid nodules in the walls of the bronchi (respiratory tract) Question: . What structure receives lymph from most of the body.Answer: duct Question:
173. What are 's patches and where are they foundAnswer: isolated clusters of lymphoid tissue, to tonsils; Found in the wall of the distal portion of the small intestine (Similar structures are found in the appendix) Question:
174. List the functions of the Answer: Site of lymphocyte proliferation; surveillance and response; Cleanses the blood Question:
175. What is the lymphatic organ.Answer: Question:
176. Small organs associated with lymphatic are termed:Answer: lymph Question:
177. List the structuresAnswer: lymph nodes, lymph, lymph vessels, ducts Question:
178. The portion of the small intestine contains clumps of lymph follicles called:Answer: patch Question:
179. Both lymph and blood flow are heavily dependent on: Answer: skeletal muscle contraction & in thoracic pressures due to respiratory movement Question:
180. The thymus is most during: Answer: most during childhood Question:
181. Which lymphatic structure drains lymph from the right upper limb and the side of the head and thorax?Answer: Right lymphatic Question: . What effect does age have on the size of the thymus? Answer: gets smaller as person gets Question: . Antibodies that act against a particular foreign substance are released by: Answer: T-Lymphocites Question:
185. Lymph leaves a lymph node via ________________Answer: vessels Question:
186. By secreting hormones, the causes what cells to become immunocompetent? Answer: T lymphocytes Question:
187. When the lymphatics are due to tumors, the result is: Answer: (lymphedema) Question:
188. Describe transport. Answer: The lymphatic system lacks an organ that acts as a pump; are low-pressure conduits; Uses the same methods as veins to propel lymph Question:
189. Describe the two main types of . Answer: T cells and B cells the body against antigens Question:
190. Describe the structure and function of tissue. Answer: Diffuse lymphatic tissue – scattered reticular tissue elements in every body organ; Lymphatic follicles (nodules) – solid, spherical bodies consisting of tightly packed reticular elements and Question:
191. A ring of lymphoid tissue that appears as a swelling of the in the oral cavity is called a(n): Answer: palatine Question:
192. Lymph collecting or pooling from the lower extremities would first pool in the ________ before moving on up. Answer: cisterna Question: . What is a bubo? Answer: the swelling of nodes Question:
194. What is the function of a Hassall's ? Answer: site of T Cell destruction in the Question:
195. Particularly clusters of lymph nodes occur in which locations in the bodyAnswer: near the body in the inguinal, axillary, and cervical regions Question: . List the digestive tract-associated lymphatic tissuesAnswer: Peyer’s patches, tonsils, and the Question:
197. Describe the functions of the lymphatic Answer: Returns interstitial fluid and plasma proteins back to the blood Question: . The tonsils located at the base of the tongue are the: Answer: tonsils Question:
199. Describe the normal of lymphAnswer: substance and plasma proteins Question:
200. The ________ are the simplest lymphoid organs and are found at the entrance to the pharynx. Answer: Question:
201. The appendix, tonsils, and Peyer's patches are collectively called ________. Answer: Question:
202. Highly specialized lymph capillaries called ________ are present in the villi of the intestinal mucosa. Answer: Question:
203. The thoracic duct of the lymphatic system empties into the ________. Answer: arises from the cisterna chyli and the rest of the body Question:
204. Lymph nodes have more ________ lymphatic vessels than ________ lymphatic vessels. Answer: afferent; Question:
205. Of the organs in the lymphatic system, only the ________ becomes less important as you get older. Answer: Question:
206. Tonsils have blind-ended structures called ________. Answer: Question:
207. Hassall's corpuscles are always found in the lighter-colored ________ regions of the thymus. Answer: Question:
208. The ________ pulp of the spleen forms cuffs around the central arteries. Answer: pulp Question:
209. Lymphatic ________ are formed from the union of the largest collecting vessels. Answer: Question:
211. Describe the mechanisms by which lymphatic is moved through the lymphatics.Answer: milking action of skeletal muscle, pressure changes in thorax, vavles to prevent back flow, and pulsations of arteries Question:
212. What is the of obstruction of the lymphatics? Answer: lymphanitis Question:
214. What is the special role of the gland? Answer: it enables t-lymphocytes to function against pathogens in the immune system Question:
Palatine –Answer: side of the posterior end of the oral cavity Question:
Lingual – Answer: lie at the base of the Question: tonsil – Answer: posterior wall of the Question: tonsils – Answer: the openings of the auditory tubes into the pharynx Question:
217. In the , what is the difference in the lymphocyte density of the cortex versus the medulla?Answer: The cortex contains densely packed lymphocytes and scattered macrophages; The medulla contains fewer and thymic (Hassall’s) corpuscles Question:
218. Contrast the structure of and lymph capillaries.Answer: Similar to blood capillaries, with modifications; Remarkably permeable; joined endothelial minivalves; Withstand interstitial pressure and remain open Question:
220. How does the structure of a lymph node allow lymphocytes and macrophages to perform protective function?Answer: Macrophages reside on these and phagocytize foreign matter Question:
221. Explain the term MALT. What is its ?Answer: MALT – mucosa-associated lymphatic tissue; MALT the digestive and respiratory systems from foreign matter Question: 47. If we were able to artificially alter the membrane permeability of cells so that sodium influx is more rapid what would happen?Answer: threshold is reached more quickly, and heart rate Question: 117. Describe blood flow autoregulation:Answer: brain tissue is extremely sensitive to in pH, and increase CO2 causes marked vasodilation Question:
118. Blood flow to the skin: (how does it change and under what )Answer: blood flows to the venus plexus under the ; changes with temp Question:
119. Describe the of materials at the capillary level. Answer: 1 diffusion thru membrane 2 throughout intercellular 3 thru fenestrations 4 Via vesicles or caveolae Question: 137. Describe changes in the velocity of flow throughout the circulatory system. How does velocity relate to vessel diameter? Answer: changes as it travels through systemic circulation its inversely proportional to the section area Question: Circulatory – Answer: any in which blood vessels are inadequately filled and blood cannot circulate normally Question: Hypovolemic shock Answer: results from large-scale loss Question: Vascular shock Answer: poor resulting from extreme vasodilation Question: Cardiogenic – Answer: the cannot sustain adequate circulation |
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