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243 CH 26
243 EXAM 3
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| systolic pressure | highest pressure, contraction |
| diastolic pressure | low pressure, relax and fill |
| mean arterial pressure | average pressure in arterial system during contraction and relaxation |
| physical factors influencing blood pressure | blood volume, elastic properties of blood vessels |
| physiologic influences of blood pressure | cardiac output, systemic vascular resistance |
| systemic vascular resistance | influenced by ability of blood vessels to constrict and dilate |
| determinants of CO | heart rate, contractility, preload and afterload |
| afterload | ejection of blood from ventricle |
| increased afterload | decrease stroke volume |
| short term BP regulation | neural mechanisms (SNS), humoral (hormone) mechanisms |
| long term BP regulation | renal mechanisms |
| paracrine mediators | nitric oxide helps vessels relax and dilate |
| baroreceptors | sense volume and pressure, signal SNS |
| primary hypertension | increased SNS activity, increased sodium, excess alcohol |
| heredity hypertension - primary | genetic factors, environmental, demographic |
| water and sodium retention | high sodium intake activates pressor mechanisms and causes water retention |
| altered renin aldosterone mechanism | contribute to maintenance and development of hypertension |
| stress and increased SNS activity | increases vasoconstriction, increased HR, increased renin release |
| secondary hypertension | elevation due to another disorder, ie kidney disease |
| contributing factors to hypertension | coarctation of aorta, renal disease, endocrine and neurological disorder, hyperthyroidism, polycythemia, sleep apnea, Cushing syndrome |
| pheochromocytoma | tumor on adrenal gland |
| malignant hypertension | accelerated form of hypertension, rupture/ stroke complications |
| hypertension clinical manifestations | asymptomatic until severe and target organ disease occurs, palpitations, angina, dizziness, fatigue, dyspnea, headache |
| hypertension heart damage | left ventricular hypertrophy |
| hypertension brain damage | dementia and cognitive impairment |
| hypertension peripheral vascular | atherosclerosis, pressure pushes on vessels, inner endothelial is damaged; buildup of plaque, vessels can not constrict/ dilate |
| hypertension kidney damage | nephrosclerosis |
| hypertensive heart disease | coronary artery disease, left ventricular hypertrophy, heart failure |
| blood pressure readings | highest early in morning, lowest at night |
| hypertension older adults | lowest rates of BP control, over age of 65 |
| hypertension minorities | non hispanic black significantly high |
| socioeconomic factors contributing to hypertension | substandard insurance, poor access to healthcare |
| pregnancy induced hypertension | toxemia of pregnancy, preeclampsia - young age, first pregnancy, multiple fetuses, diabetic |
| manifestations of pregnancy hypertension | proteinuria, edema, sudden weight gain, vision change, nausea |
| eclampsia | seizure |
| HELLP syndrome | risk for hemolysis, elevated liver enzymes, DIC |
| hypertension in children | kidney abnormalities, coarctation of aorta, pheochromocytoma and adrenal cortical disorders |
| infants and hypertension | umbilical catheterization and renal artery obstruction caused by thrombosis |
| orthostatic hypotension | decrease in blood pressure when standing |
| causes of orthostatic hypotension | decrease in venous return to the heart due to lower extremity pooling, response to decreased CO |
| condition that decreases vascular volume | dehydration |
| conditions that impair muscle pump function | bed rest, spinal injury |
| conditions that interfere with cardiovascular reflexes | medications, ANS disorders, baroreflex function |
| hypovolemia | excessive use of diuretics, diaphoresis, loss of GI fluid through vomitting and diarrhea |
| hypovolemia manifestations | dizziness, visual changes, head and neck discomfort, poor concentration, tremor, presyncope and syncope |
| syncope | fainting, loss of consciousness |
Created by:
ahommel
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