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Biology
Biology - Unit 5 - WGU
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| CELL CYCLE | Series of phases in the life of the cell through which it grows and divides. G1, synthesis (S), G2, mitosis (M), and cytokinesis |
| INTERPHASE | Stage when division (mitosis) does NOT occur. Cell grows, acquires nutrients, & replicates both its chromosomes & organelles. G1 (condense), S (DNA duplicate), & G2 (DNA checked & repaired) phases of the cycle. Cells spend majority of their time here. |
| G1 | First growth phase of interphase in the cell cycle when the cells increase in size and make proteins and organelles needed for normal cellular functions. |
| S PHASE | Second phase of interphase in the cell cycle where the DNA undergoes replication in preparation for cell division. (synthesis) |
| G2 | Second growth phase of interphase in the cell cycle where the DNA & the cell is checked to ensure it is ready to undergo cell division. |
| MITOSIS | Type of cellular division in which a single, diploid, somatic cell is divided into two genetically identical daughter cells. This along with cytokinesis compose the mitotic (M) phase of the cell cycle. |
| CYTOKINESIS | Division of the cytoplasm of a cell at the end of mitosis to form 2 separate daughter cells. Animals: pinching of the membrane at the center of the parental cell. Plants: formation of a cell plate as a new cell wall forms to separate the daughter cells. |
| CHROMOSOMES | Tightly coiled form of the DNA-protein complex. |
| NUCLEUS | "Center" or "Core" - center of an atom where the atom's heavy particles (protons & neutrons) are packed close together. Central organelles of the eukaryotic cell. Consists of the cell's DNA. |
| PROKARYOTIC CELLS | Type of cell lacking a nucleus & other membrane-bound organelles. Unicellular organisms found only in the domains bacteria & archaea. |
| PROTEINS | Organic macromolecule consisting of folded chains of amino acids. Play a key role both structurally & functionally. |
| HISTONES | Small proteins found along the length of chromosomes that can move closer or farther apart to help chromosomes contract into chromatin during cell division or decondense after cell division is complete. |
| CYTOPLASM | Substance that fills the inside contents of a cell between the plasma membrane & the nucleus. Contains a semifluid medium, composed mainly of water, & organelles (present only if it is a eukaryotic cell). |
| CENTROMERE | Specific section of a chromosome where spindle fibers attach during cell division; also the connection point of sister chromatids. |
| HOMOLOGOUS CHROMOSOMES | Pairs (one from ea parent) that are similar in length, gene position, & centromere location. Position of the genes on each is the same, however, the genes may contain different alleles. |
| SISTER CHROMATID | One of two identical copies of a chromosome duplicated during the S phase of the cell cycle. Centromere connects them. Composed of 1 chromosome & are separated from each other during mitosis or meiosis. |
| MEIOSIS | Type of cell division in which a single diploid germ cell is divided into four haploid gamete cells. Only occurs in organisms that sexually reproduce & results in the production of sperm in males & eggs in females. |
| PROPHASE | First stage of mitosis. The nucleus is broken down, the chromosomes (duplicated during S phase of the cell cycle) condense, & the miotic spindles form. |
| METAPHASE | "Middle stage" of mitosis where the sister chromatids connected by centromeres are lined up along the plane of the cell's center (called the metaphase plate) |
| ANAPHASE | Stage within the mitosis phase of cell division (also known as cell reproduction). Starts when sister chromatids separate from each other & ends when each set of separated sister chromatids arrives at the opposite poles of the cell. |
| TELOPHASE | Final stage of mitosis. New nuclear envelopes form around the separated chromosomes at each pole of the cell, the chromosomes unfold back into chromatin, nucleoli reappear, and the cell continues to elongate. |
| ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION | Type of reproduction where genetically identical offspring are created from a single parent. This type of reproduction does not utilize meiosis or gametes. Bacteria and fungi are examples of organisms that reproduce in this manner. |
| SEXUAL REPRODUCTION | More complicated form of reproduction where two haploid gametes (sperm & eggs) fuse to create a diploid zygote. This type of reproduction produces offspring that are genetically different from their parents. |
| GAMETES | Reproductive or sex cells; eggs in females & sperm in males. |
| HAPLOID | Cells that contain only one set of chromosomes. Referred to as "1n". Gametes (sperm & eggs). In humans these gametes contain 23 chromosomes. |
| DIPLOID | Referring to cells that contain two sets of chromosomes (pairs of homologous chromosomes). One set of chromosomes is inherited from the mother & the other set is inherited from the father. These are 2n. Somatic & germ cells are NOT this. |
| MEIOSIS I | First half of the whole process of meiosis. Homologous pairs of chromosomes bind together & exchange pieces in a process called "crossing over". By the end homologous pairs of chromosomes have been sorted into separate cells. |
| MEIOSIS II | Second half of the whole process of meiosis in which the sister chromatids in each of the two haploid cells produced during the first stage are separated. Results in the production of four haploid gamate cells & is similar in process to mitosis. |
| PROPHASE I | First stage in meiosis I - chromosomes condense & become visible, crossing-over occurs, the nucleolus disappears, the meiotic spindle forms, & the nuclear envelope disappears. |
| METAPHASE I | Second stage of meiosis I - pairs of homologous chromosomes line up along the equator of the cell & are attached to the fully formed meiotic spindle. |
| ANAPHASE I | Third stage in meiosis I - homologous chromosome pairs separate & move toward the opposite poles of the cell. |
| TELOPHASE I | Final stage of meiosis I - homologous chromosome pairs reach the poles of the cell, nuclear envelopes form around them, & cytokinesis produces two separate cells. |
| TELOPHASE II | Final stage of meiosis II - nuclear envelope forms around each set of chromosomes & cytokinesis occurs, producing four daughter cells, each with a haploid set of chromosomes. |
| METAPHASE II | Second stage in meiosis II - chromosomes line up on the equator of the cell (similar to mitosis) & are attached to the fully formed spindle. |
| PROPHASE II | First stage in meiosis II - nuclear envelope breaks down & the spindle apparatus forms. |
Created by:
StubbyJane
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