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Biology

Biology - Unit 4 - WGU

TermDefinition
PHOTOSYNTHESIS Metabolic pathway that uses light energy to build carbohydrates from CO2. The overall equation is: CO2 + H20 + light → sugar + O2
GLUCOSE Simple carbohydrate (monosaccharide) with the chemical formula of C6H12O6. This is the primary product (output) of photosynthesis & the primary reactant (input) of cellular respiration.
CELLULAR RESPIRATION Use of oxygen to release energy from nutrients; also called aerobic respiration. Glucose + 6O2 → 6H20 +C02+ energy (ATP)
CHEMICAL POTENTIAL ENERGY Energy stored in the bonds of molecules. Larger molecules with more bonds have more of this.
CHLOROPLASTS Organelle in eukaryotic cells where photosynthesis occurs. Surrounded by a double membrane and, like mitochondria, is also bacteria-like, so it contains its own DNA as a singular circular chromosome.
ATP Small organic molecule with 3 phosphate groups attached that acts as the direct source of energy for almost all cellular activities. Relatively unstable - never used for long-term storage. Generally used for direct & rapid transfers of energy.
NADPH Electron carrier molecule produced in the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis. Transferred to the Calvin Cycle where the electrons are used to generate glucose.
CALVIN CYCLE Set of chemical reactions that take place in chloroplasts during photosynthesis. Does not require light because it takes place after the energy has been captured from sunlight.
OTHER NAMES FOR CALVIN CYCLE Calvin-Benson Cycle, Benson-Calvin Cycle, the Dark Reactions, and the light-dependent reaction.
LIGHT-INDEPENDENT REACTION Set of chemical reactions that take place in chloroplasts during photosynthesis. Takes place after the energy has been captured from the sunlight.
PHOSPHORYLATION Chemical reaction in which a phosphate group (PO4) is added to another molecule. Ex: ADP is phosphorylated to form ATP.
CHLOROPHYLL Plant pigment used to absorb light energy for photosynthesis. Gives plants their green color because it absorbs red & blue light particularly well while reflecting green.
AEROBIC Process that requires oxygen
NADH Electron carrier molecule produced in glycolysis & the Krebs cycle. Transferred to the electron transport chain where the electrons are used to generate ATP.
FADH2 One of the electron carrier molecules produced in the Krebs cycle of the aerobic cellular respiration. Transferred to the electron transport chain where the electrons are used to generate ATP.
GLYCOLYSIS Breakdown of glucose into pyruvate. Occurs in the cytoplasm of cells & produces small amounts of the energy molecule ATP & the electron carrier molecule NADH.
PYRUVATE Three-carbon molecule that is the end product (output) of glycolysis. One molecule of glucose is broken down into two molecules of this.
FERMENTATION Breaks down org mol & stores energy as ATP. Not require O2 & don't break down all glucose to CO2. End with organic mol that contain considerable chem potential energy. Prod tiny amt of ATP comp to aerobic. Produce: lactic acid, ethanol, etc.
ANAEROBIC Process that occurs without oxygen
ACETYL COA Two-carbon molecule that is an intermediate product between glycolysis & the Krebs cycle in cellular respiration. Pyruvate from glycolysis is broken down with this, which enters the Krebs cycle and is further broken down.
CITRIC ACID CYCLE 2nd stage of aerobic cellular respiration that occurs when acetyl CoA combines with four-carbon molecule & goes through a cycle of reactions, ultimately producing ATP, NADH, FADH2, and CO2.(also known as Krebs cycle)
ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN Last stage of aerobic cellular respiration - NADH & FADH2 deposit their electrons. As they move down the chain, energy is released & used to move protons across mitochondrial membrane to form ATP, then O2 acts as the final electron acceptor to form H2O.
Created by: StubbyJane
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