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HL BIO 2.5 Enzymes
enzymes control the metabolism of the cell
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| what is an enzyme? | a globular protein and a catalyst for speeding the rate of a chemical reaction |
| what suffix do Enzymes end? (typically named after the substrate/molecule) | -ase |
| what is an active Site? | region of the surface of the enzyme that binds with the substrate |
| enzyme reactions typically occur in _____ | aqueous solutions (eg cytoplasm, interstitial fluid, etc) |
| what is the Brownian motion? | substrate and enzyme moving randomly within solution, colliding with other molecules/substrate |
| enzyme may be fixed in position or _____ | membrane-bound |
| what is an enzyme-product complex? | enzyme catalyzes the conversion of the substrate into product. enzyme + product then dissociate. |
| when an enzyme is not consumed, can it continue to catalyze further reactions? | Yes, when the enzyme and product dissociate |
| what is Collision Frequency? provide examples | rate of enzyme catalysis can be increased. 1. increase kinetic energy of molecules (thermal energy) 2. increase concentration of substrates 3. increase concentration of enzymes |
| shape and chemical properties of the active site as highly dependent on the _____ structure of the enzyme | tertiary structure |
| enzyme loses shape + activity because of ____ | denaturation |
| what are 3 factors that influence the rate of activity of an enzyme | temperature, pH, and substrate concentration |
| how does temperature effect an enzyme | - low temp -> insufficient thermal energy to activate - inc temp -> higher kinetic energy = higher collision frequency - high temp -> enzyme stability decreases. this disrupts enzyme hydrogen bonds |
| how does pH effect an enzyme | - changed pH -> altered charge of enzyme = alters protein solubility - overall shape - inability to bind the substrate - outside pH range decrease enzyme activity |
| how does substrate concentration effect an enzyme | - inc substrate concentration = increase activity of its enzyme - more substrate = more collision frequency - rate of activity will cease to rise (plateau) - environment becomes saturated with substrate |
| catalase + hydrogen peroxide (h2o2) = | oxygen gas + water (o2 + h20) |
| diastase + starch = | maltose |
| pectinase + pectin (in plant cell walls) = | simple sugars (releases juices from cells) |
| pepsin + protein = | short polypeptides |
| rennin + soluble casein (milk protein) = | insoluble casein (curdled milk) |
| how are breakdown reactions measured? (looking for equation) | the amount / rate of substrate decomposition |
| how are formation reactions measured | the amount / rate of product formation |
| how to collect data for Gas production (reaction) | -count bubble formation -time needed for enzyme-soaked disc to rise in substrate solution -displacement of syringe cap with inc. volume of gas -pressure change in sealed environment (data logger) |
| how to collect data for Digestion of a solid (reaction) | -calc. % of weight change -change in diameter -volume of liquid produced |
| how to collect data for Digestion of a liquid (reaction) | -diffusion out of dialysis tube (if product is permeable but substrate is not) |
| how to collect data for Color change (reaction) | -starch reacts with iodine (causes purple color) -peptide bonds (proteins) are stained with Biuret test (blue) -reducing vs non-reducing sugars (Benedict's reagent) |
| what are immobilized enzymes? | fixed enzymes to a static surface FOR improved efficiency of catalyzed reaction |
| name 6 industrial practices of immobilized enzymes | biofuels, medicine, biotechnology, food production, textiles, paper |
| what is lactose? | disaccharide of glucose + galactose, can be broken down by enzyme lactase |
| visually: how is lactose broken down by the enzyme lactase? | the lactose is bonded by one oxygen that has a singular bond upward + downward of glucose + galactose |
| what are 2 models (theory) used to describe the way enzymes interact with substrates? | lock and key model, induced fit model |
| what is the lock and key model? | enzyme active site must PRECISELY complement the substrate |
| what is the induced fit model? | enzyme active site is NOT completely fit the substrate. will undergo conformational change in front of a substrate -> improve binding |
| what happens without lactase during digestion? | the lactose passes INTACT into large intestine to be broken down by probiotic bacteria. causes bacterial fermentation -> large amounts of gas are produced |
Created by:
kbalaja592
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