Help
Options
Didn't know it?
click below
click below
Knew it?
click below
click below
Don't Know
Remaining cards (0)
Know
retry
shuffle
restart
0:00
Embed Code - If you would like this activity on your web page, copy the script below and paste it into your web page.
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Bio — 6.3
immune system
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| zoonosis | disease which can be transmitted to humans from animals (e.g. rabies, west nile virus) |
| antibody | compound/protein produced by B lymphocytes (and plasma cells) that kills or inhibits growth of microbes (specifically bacteria) by targeting prokaryotic metabolism; specific to a given antigen |
| antigen | substance that the body recognizes as foreign and that will elicit an immune response |
| active immunity | results from production of antibodies by immune system in response to presence of an antigen (primary immune response) |
| passive immunity | short-term immunity which results from introduction of antibodies from another person, animal, or other organism |
| skin | - protects external structures - dry, thick, tough region of dead surface cells - glands secrete chems and enzymes that restrict bacterial growth - secretes lactic acid and fatty acids to lower pH |
| mucus membrane | - protects internal structures & cavities - thin region composed of living cells that secrete fluid (mucus, saliva, tears) to trap pathogens - biochemical defense agents (e.g. lysozyme) - cilia to remove pathogens |
| blood clots | - clotting is the mechanism by which broken blood vessels are repaired - clotting prevents blood loss from the body and limit pathogenic access to the bloodstream when the skin is broken |
| components of blood clots | - platelets→ undergo a structural change to form a sticky plug at the damaged region - fibrin strands→ form an insoluble mesh of fibers that trap blood cells at damaged region |
| clotting factors --> causes | - cause platelets to become sticky and adhere to the damaged region to form a solid plug (clot), sealing wound - trigger the conversion of the inactive prothrombin into the activated enzyme thrombin |
| clotting factors --> enzymes | - thrombin catalyses the conversion of soluble fibrinogen into insoluble fibrin - when the damaged region is completely repaired, plasmin is activated to dissolve the clot |
| clotting factors --> consequences | - process of events is called a coagulation cascade - clot formation in coronary arteries lead to heart attacks |
| pathogen | disease-causing agent that disrupt the normal physiology of infected organisms (i.e. homeostatic imbalance) |
| antibiotic | - compounds that target prokaryotic features but don’t harm eukaryotic cells (i.e. don’t affect host organism) - some bacteria strains have evolved with genes that confer resistance to antibiotics (some even have multiple resistance) |
| antibiotic limitation | can’t be used to treat viruses as they are not alive (no metabolism) |
| first line of defense | surface barriers (skin/mucus) |
| second line of defense | innate immunity (non-specific) |
| third line of defense | adaptive immunity (specific) |
| innate immunity characteristics | - non-specific (i.e. do not differentiate between different types of pathogens) - non-adaptive (i.e. produce the same response to every infection – there is no immunological memory) |
| phagocytosis | - process by which solid materials (such as pathogens) are ingested by a cell - damaged tissues release chemicals (e.g. histamine) which draw white blood cells to the site of infection |
| phagocytosis --> engulf | - pathogens are engulfed by white blood cells - vesicle formed is fused to a lysosome to digest pathogen - antigens may be presented on surface of phagocyte in order to stimulate third line of defense |
| adaptive immunity characteristics | - specific (i.e. can differentiate between different types of pathogens and respond accordingly) - adaptive (i.e. produce a heightened response upon re-exposure – there is immunological memory |
| lymphocyte | - makes a one specific type of antibody - need a lot of Rough ER to transport antibodies |
| B-cell activation | - macrophage consumes virus and displays antigen on its surface -helper T cells bind to macrophages and are activate - helper T cells then release cytokines to activate particular B cell capable of producing antibodies specific to antigen |
| activated B cell actions | - divide and differentiate to form short-lived plasma cells that produce high amounts of specific antibody - antibodies that attach to the antigens will promote the destruction |
| antibodies --> solubility (1st stage) | soluble pathogens become insoluble, which will mark pathogens for phagocytes to destroy them |
| antibodies --> clumping (2nd stage) | cellular pathogens become clumped for easier removal |
| antibodies --> toxins (3rd stage) | neutralize toxins which are produced by the pathogen |
| antibodies --> binding (4th stage) | binds to plasma membrane of a pathogen which breaks down cell membrane and cytoplasm will leak out→ kills pathogen |
| memory lymphocytes | some lymphocytes will remain after the destruction of the pathogen and persist as memory cells |
| HIV & AIDS | - Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) is a retrovirus that infects helper T cells, disabling the body’s adaptive immune system - causes a variety of symptoms and infections collectively classed as Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) |
| HIV steps --> T-helper cells | - T-helper cells have a protein called CD4 on the surface of the cell - virus will attach to the CD4 of the T-helper cell and inject RNA, enzymes reverse transcriptase and integrase |
| HIV steps --> enzymes | - reverse transcriptase: creates DNA from mRNA - integrase: will integrate the viral DNA with the host DNA |
| HIV steps --> production of viruses | T-helper cell will begin to produce viruses and these viruses will go and continue to damage T-helper cells (this could take years→ that’s why you may HIV but not AIDs) |
| HIV transfer | - small tears or cuts in vagina, penis, mouth, or intestine during oral, vaginal, or anal sex - sharing of needles - breastfeeding, childbirth |
| effects of HIV | - reduction in the number of helper T cells→ antibodies are unable to be produced→ lower immunity - body becomes susceptible to opportunistic infections, eventually resulting in death if condition is not managed |
| HIV prevention | Antiretroviral Drugs can prevent reverse transcriptase from working |
| antibiotics --> prokaryotic features | key enzymes, 70S ribosomes and components of the cell wall |
| antibiotics --> eukaryotic features | eukaryotic cells do not possess these features→ antibiotics will target the pathogenic bacteria and not host |
| antibiotics --> actions | may either kill the invading bacteria or suppress its potential to reproduce |
| penicillin | first chemical compound found to have antibiotic properties |
| Florey and Chain’s experiment | - 8 mice were injected with hemolytic streptococci - 4 of these mice were then injected with doses of penicillin - untreated mice died of bacterial infection and the others survived→ demonstrates antibiotic potential |
| monoclonal antibodies | - antigen if injected into mouse→ produces B-cells - B-cells are extracted - nucleus of B-cell will be fused into a tumour cell→ this is called a hybridomas |
| monoclonal antibodies --> hybridomas | - hybridomas will divide without control and all the new cells formed can produce thespecific antibodies - antibodies are extracted and are called monoclonal antibodies |
| monoclonal antibodies --> pregnancy tests | - pregnancy tests contain a monoclonal antibody that binds to HCG - HCG is hormone found in the urine of pregnant woman - if monoclonal antibody binds to HCG→ produces a positive line |
| monoclonal antibodies --> usage in treatment | - injection of monoclonal antibodies into person infected with rabies - target cancer cells that the body’s own immune cells fail to recognize as harmful |
| vaccination | - contains a weakened form of a microorganism - body responds by initiating a primary immune response, which results in memory cells being made |
| vaccination --> memory cells | - memory cells allow for a quicker and more potent secondary immune response - causes a bit of antibodies to be produce and some memory cells are produced - second shot→ allows for a faster and greater production of antibodies |
Created by:
soguzman
Popular Biology sets