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Biology sect. 7-9
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Second law of thermodynamics | When energy is converted between forms, some of the useable energy is converted into heat that disperses into the surroundings |
| Entropy | Measure of the disorder/randomness of useable energy |
| Disorganized entropy | Energy has high entropy |
| Organized entropy | Energy has low entropy |
| Relationship between entropy and free energy | Inverse (as entropy increases free energy decreases) |
| Anabolism | Various pathways in which complex molecules are synthesized from supplier substances (requires energy) |
| Catabolism | Pathways in which larger molecules are broken down into smaller ones (energy release overall) |
| Exergonic reaction | Goes from high to low free energy (-G) |
| Endergonic reaction | Product > reactants (+G) |
| How can a cell produce a concentration gradient | By expanding energy |
| Why are cells not at equilibrium? | Able to supply energy to endergonic reactions and direct metabolism as needed |
| Coupled reactions | Thermodynamically favorable exergonic reaction provides the energy required to drive thermodynamically unfavorable reaction |
| How does ATP from from ADP | As nutrients break down in cellular respiration or photosynthesis |
| What is the most common electron acceptor molecule | NAD+ |
| What molecule is involved in ATP synthase | NADPH |
| Cytochromes | Proteins that contain iron |
| How do enzymes control the reaction? | By forming unstable intermediate complex with substrate when subtracted complex is broken the product is released |
| How are active sites formed? | From amino acid and side chain |
| Where are active sites located? | Close to surface |
| When does induced fit occur? | During binding |
| How is a highly specific enzyme formed | Shape of active site and substrate |
| Coenzyme | Organic non polypeptide compound that binds to the apoenzyme and serves as cofactor |
| Coenzyme A | Transfer of groups derived from organic acids |
| What happens to enzymes at low temperatures | Slow reactions/ reaction doesn’t occur at all |
| What happens to enzymes at high temperatures | Enzymes rapidly denatured |
| What happens to products of metabolic pathways | They are removed and transferred to other chemical compounds |
| Feedback inhibition | Enzyme regulation in which the formation of a product inhibits an earlier reaction in a sequence |
| Allosteric site | Specific substances bind and changes the shape and activity of the enzyme |
| AllOsteric regulators | Substances that affect enzyme activity by binding to Allosteric sites |
| Reverse inhibitors | Forms weak chemical bonds with with the enzyme |
| Irreversible inhibitor | Permanently inactivates/destroys an enzyme when the inhibitor combines with one of the enzymes functional groups |
| Aerobic respiration | Form of cellular respiration requiring oxygen carried out by most eukaryotes and prokaryotes |
| Dehydrogenations | Reactions in which 2 hydrogen atoms are removed from the substrate and sent to NAD+/FAD |
| Decarboxylation | Part of a carboxyl group (-COOH) is removed from the substrate as a molecule of Carbon dioxide |
| Preparation reactions | Molecules undergo rearrangements and other changes to undergo further dehydronation |
| Glycolysis | 6-carbon glucose molecule = (2) 3-carbon molecules of pyruvate, some glucose energy captured with ATP and NADH formation |
| Where does glycolysis take place | Cytosol of eukaryotes |
| Formation of acetyl coenzyme A | Pyruvate enters mitochondria and is oxidized to a 2-carbon group that combines with coenzyme A = acetyl coenzyme A = NADH and Cardin dioxide are released as waste products |
| Critic acid cycle | Acetyl group of acetyl coenzyme A + 4 carbon molecules (oxaloacetate) = 6 carbon molecule citrate; citrate changes to oxaloacetate = Carbon dioxide released as waste (Energy: ATP and reduced high energy NADH. and FADH2 |
| Electron transport and chemiosmosis | Electrons removed from glucose transferred to NADH and FADH2 = chain of electron acceptor compounds = oxygen is final electron acceptor =water formed |
| Complex I (NADH-ubiquinone oxidoreductase) | Accepts electrons from NADH molecules that were produced during glycolysis, acetyl CoA formation + citric acid cycle (oxidize NADH-purpose) |
| Complex II (succinate ubiquinone reductase) | Accepts electrons from FADH molecules produced during citric acid cycle (both produce reduced ubiquinone) |
| Complex III | Accepts electrons from reduced ubiquinone and passes them to cytosome c |
| Complex IV (cytosine c oxidase) | Accepts electrons from cytosome c and uses electrons to to reduce molecular oxygen and forms water. Electrons simultaneously unite with protons from surrounding medium to form hydrogen |
| What happens to bacterial cells placed in acidic environments | ATP synthesis would occur regardless of the electron transport chain |
| How do protons move in protons |
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FutureDrlinds
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