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Module 3: Biology
Module 3: Chemistry of Living Things (Organic Molecules)
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| organic compounds | all contain carbon and hydrogen |
| four groups of macromolecules | proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, nucleic acids |
| monomer | The subunit that serves as the building block of a polymer. |
| dimer | two monomers connected by a covalent bond |
| polymer | A long molecule consisting of many similar or identical monomers linked together. |
| dehydration synthesis | A chemical reaction in which two molecules covalently bond to each other with the removal of a water molecule. |
| hydrolysis | Breaking a covalent bond with the addition of water |
| carbohydrates | Compound containing carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in the approximate ratio of C:2H:O (e.g., sugars, starches, and cellulose) |
| glycosidic bond | bond formed by a dehydration synthesis reaction between two monosaccharides |
| peptide bond | The chemical bond that forms between the carboxyl group of one amino acid and the amino group of another amino acid |
| ester bond | The bond formed when fatty acid molecules are joined to glycerol molecules after dehydration synthesis reactions occur |
| phosphdiester bond | The bond that connects a phosphate group from one nucleotide to the 5C sugar of another nucleotide |
| monosaccharides | glucose, fructose, galactose, ribose, deoxyribose |
| isomer | Compounds with the same formula but different structures |
| fructose | fruit sugar |
| glucose | blood sugar |
| ribose | 5C sugar in RNA |
| deoxyribose | 5C sugar in DNA |
| polysaccharide | Carbohydrates that are made up of more than two monosaccharides |
| cellulose | A polysaccharide that makes up the cell walls of plants |
| starch | A storage polysaccharide in plants consisting entirely of glucose |
| glycogen | An extensively branched glucose storage polysaccharide found in the liver and muscle of animals; the animal equivalent of starch |
| chitin | Polysaccharide found in insect exoskeletons and fungal cell walls |
| lactose | glucose + galactose |
| sucrose | glucose + fructose |
| maltose | glucose + glucose |
| protein | An organic compound that is made of one or more chains of amino acids and that is a principal component of all cells |
| amino acids | Building blocks of proteins |
| amino group | -NH2 |
| R group | a functional group that defines a particular amino acid and gives it special properties (20 different types) |
| acid (carboxyl) group | -COOH |
| primary structure | sequence of amino acids; polypeptide |
| secondary structure | Either an alpha helix or beta pleated sheet |
| tertiary structure | The third level of protein structure; the overall, three-dimensional shape of a polypeptide due to interactions of the R groups of the amino acids making up the chain |
| quaternary structure | The fourth level of protein structure; the shape resulting from the association of two or more polypeptide subunits. |
| dipeptide | 2 amino acids bonded by a peptide bond |
| denaturation | In proteins, a process in which a protein unravels and loses its native conformation, thereby becoming biologically inactive |
| nucleic acids | DNA and RNA |
| nucleotides | monomers of nucleic acids |
| nitrogenous base | An organic base that contains nitrogen, such as a purine or pyrimidine; a subunit of a nucleotide in DNA and RNA |
| phosphate group | A functional group consisting of a phosphorus atom covalently bonded to four oxygen atoms |
| purine | double-ring nitrogenous base; adenine and guanine |
| pyrimidine | single-ring nitrogenous base; thymine, cytosine, uracil |
| bonds between A and T | 2 hydrogen bonds |
| bonds between G and C | 3 hydrogen bonds |
| lipids | Energy-rich organic compounds, such as fats, oils, and waxes, that are made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen |
| glycerol | A three-carbon molecule to which fatty acids are covalently bonded to to make triglycerides |
| fatty acids | chains of carbon atoms bonded to hydrogen atoms that connect to glycerol in a triglyceride |
| triglyceride | glycerol + 3 fatty acids |
| saturated fats | A fat that is solid at room temperature and found in animal fats, lards, and dairy products |
| unsaturated fats | better for you, plants have it; liquifies at room temp; double bonds |
| trans fatty acids | straight chain, but with double bonds |
| functions of lipids | Insulation, energy storage, structural (cholesterol and phoslipids in membrane) |
| phospholipids | A class of lipid molecules in which a phosphate group is linked to glycerol and two fatty acid groups; a chief component of biological membranes |
| sterols | Sex hormones, cholesterol, 4 ring structure |
| polymerization | Chemical reaction that creates polymers from multiple dehydration synthesis reactions |
| ATP | (adenosine triphosphate) main energy source that cells use for most of their work |
| peptidoglycan | A protein-carbohydrate compound that makes the cell walls of bacteria rigid |
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black_night_sky
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