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Geology Review

Soils, Rocks and Plate Tectonics

QuestionAnswer
Metamorphic rock type of rock formed from rock being exposed to extreme heat and pressure that changes it into another type of rock
Erosion the process of wind, water, and ice transporting soil and sediment from one location to another
Igneous rock type of rock formed from lava/magma that cools and hardens
Sedimentary rock type of rock formed by sediments compacting and cementing.
Weathering the process of wind, water, and ice breaking down rock
Crust thin, top layer of the Earth. Broken up into tectonic plates
Two types of crust continental crust and oceanic crust
Mantle second layer of the Earth
Outer Core just deeper than the mantle
Inner Core deepest layer of the Earth
Why is the inner core a solid when it's hotter than the outer core that has melted? The intense pressure at the inner Earth force the rock into solid form
Tectonic plates large pieces of the crust and upper mantle that move by 'floating' on the mantle
Plate boundary the border where tectonic plates meet, the location of many geologic features
Transform boundary when plates are sliding past each other- frequent earthquakes occur here
Convergent boundary when plates are moving towards each other- earthquakes, mountains, trenches and volcanoes occur here
Divergent boundary when plates are moving away from each other- mid-ocean ridges and new oceanic crust are found here
Magma melted rock beneath the Earth's surface
Lava melted rock that has erupted above the Earth's surface
Mechanical weathering breaking down rock by physical means
Examples of mechanical weathering frost wedging and abrasion
Chemical weathering breaking down rock by chemical reactions or dissolving
Examples of chemical weathering rusting and clay formation
What is soil made of? minerals, organic material, air and water
What are the 3 soil particles? sand, silt, clay
Which is the largest of the 3 soil particles? sand
Which is the smallest of the 3 soil particles? clay
What is loam? A mixture of sand, silt, and clay that forms a more ideal soil for gardening.
What is porosity? the amount of space (volume) between soil particles present in a dry soil sample- Can hold water and/or air.
What are soil horizons? the layers of soil that develop in an area over time as the soil forms
What is the O Horizon? the layer of organic material (ex. dead leaves) at the top of a soil sample
What is the A Horizon? Also known as topsoil or surface soil, this is where most soil organisms live
What is the B Horizon? Also known as the subsoil, this is the deepest plant roots usually go and is where many minerals are found
What is the C Horizon? The layer where the parent rock is still present and being weathered- usually large rocks and gravel here
What do all of the numbers add up to in a soil texture triangle? 100% This represents an entire soil sample.
Created by: joanne.marks
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