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Chapter 5 Biology

Cellular Respiration

TermDefinition
Cellular respiration is a series of chemical reactions that break down glucose to produce ATP, which may be used as energy to power many reactions throughout the body.
There are three main steps of cellular respiration: glycolysis, the citric acid cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation
Why would the mitochondria become changed from low temperature? Energy can’t be lost, so leaking protons across the membrane actually increases body temperature. Energy not captured in a chemical or other storage form emerges as heat.
Proton leak membrane potential energy can also be released without being captured as ATP.
What is it about glucose that makes it a source of free energy? contains an abundance of C-C and C-H covalent bonds. Which are high in energy.
Glucose is a good macromolecule it combusts and burns in the presence of oxygen, C-C and C-H covalent bonds, high in energy.
Atoms, and electron away from the nucleus contains more energy.
Atoms/Electrons that are closer to the nucleus contain less energy.
The electrons that form nonpolar covalent carbon bonds are distant from the nucleus, thus, high in energy.
Molecules that contain oxygen, would contain less free energy because oxygen is strongly electronegative and is held close to the nucleus, low energy.
The combustion of either glucose or gasoline in the presence of oxygen releases HEAT as the reactants are converted into the products of carbon dioxide and water.
Energy is required for bonds to break.
Energy is released only when bonds form.
Heat is released as high free-energy reactants (e.g., glucose, gasoline) that are converted into lower free-energy products (e.g., CO2 and water).
Reaction between glucose and oxygen to produce carbon dioxide and water is an oxidation-reduction, or redox, reaction.
The partial or full loss of electrons from a substance is oxidation.
The substance from which the electrons are lost—the electron donor—is oxidized.
The partial or full gain of electrons to a substance is a reduction.
The substance that gains the electrons—the electron acceptor—is reduced.
Redox reactions are coupled reactions.
The oxidation reaction and the reduction reaction occur simultaneously.
Electron movement is associated with H atoms.
A hydrogen atom, H, consists of a proton and an electron.
The transfer of a hydrogen atom involves the transfer of an electron.
When a molecule loses a hydrogen atom, it becomes oxidized.
To get glucose to combust and burn, we can use a flame to provide the activation energy to get molecules to the transition state. Within a cell, the oxidation of glucose occurs through a series of
The potential energy of glucose is not liberated suddenly, producing only heat and light.
The potential energy of glucose is slowly released in a stepwise fashion, with much of the energy being transferred to other molecules.
In cellular respiration, the oxidation of food (such as glucose) molecules occurs in the presence of a group of enzymes called dehydrogenases.
Dehydrogenases facilitate the transfer of electrons from food to a molecule that acts as an energy carrier or shuttle.
The most common energy carrier is the coenzyme NAD+ Oxidized, NADH, reduced.
The potential energy carried in NADH is used to synthesize ATP.
When NAD+ is reduced to NADH, during respiration, dehydrogenases remove two hydrogen atoms from a substrate molecule and transfer the two electrons—but only one of the protons—to, NAD+ reducing it to NADH.
Cells have to make ATP, whether prokaryote or Eukaryote.
Cellular respiration is aerobic (using oxygen) in eukaryotic cells, as Oxygen is required for it to work.
Fermentation Cellular respiration can be broken down without oxygen anaerobically, meaning they do not use oxygen.
Glycolysis BREAKS GLUCOSE.
Where does glycolysis occur in the cytosol (cytoplasm) of all cells.
Glycolysis does not depend on or require oxygen, making it anaerobic.
In Glycolysis Enzymes break down a molecule of glucose and the net yield is 2 pyruvate, 2 ATP molecules and 2 NADH.
NADH is a coenzyme, that transfers electrons.
In glycolysis the product 2 pyruvates are transported by active transport into the mitochondria to be oxidized.
Phases of glycolysis Investment phase and Pay-Off phase.
Consuming energy phase in glycolysis Investment phase, you need to put in energy in order to get more out, thus since this phase is consuming energy, it is endothermic.
Produces Energy phase in glycolysis The pay-Off phase, produce energy, but more energy than what you put in from the investment phase.
Phosphofructokinase found early in glycolysis. This enzyme catalyzes the conversion of fructose 6-phosphate to fructose 1,6-bisphosphate.
If excess ATP is present in the cytosol, it binds to phosphofructokinase and slows until needed more.
Altering phosphofructokinase activity, the functional state of glycolysis and the citric acid cycle can be kept balanced.
1)You put in 2 molecules of ATP.
2)Enzyme action promotes the transfer of a phosphate group from ATP to glucose G6P and F6P.
3)Then, a second phosphate is transferred from another ATP to form Fructose 1, 6-biphosphate.
A key enzyme of glycolysis that is tightly regulated is phosphofructokinase.
6)Substrate level phosphorylation occurs to form 2 ATP from ADP the original investment is paid off.
6) Substrate level phosphorylation occurs to form 2 ATP from ADP the original investment is paid off.
5)Then, 2 PGAL combines with inorganic phosphate to form a molecule of 2 diphosphoglycerates.
5)Both molecules donate a phosphate group to ADP to form ATP.
6)Substrate-level phosphorylation occurs to form 2 ATP from ADP, the original investment is paid off.
7)With the formation of 2 ATP, the resulting phosphoglycerides undergo a rearrangement and release a proton and 1 hydroxide ion. Combined to form water.
So, Glucose (6C) + 2 NAD+ 2 ADP +2 inorganic phosphates (Pi) → 2 pyruvates (3C) + 2 NADH + 2 H+ + 2 net ATP.
9)The end product of glycolysis is 2 molecules of pyruvate.
Created by: Solestes
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