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243 CH 25
243 EXAM 3
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| mechanics of blood flow | arterial pressure is greater than venous pressure, arterial, venous and capillary pressures greater than the pressure surrounding the vessels |
| blood flow determined by | cardiac output, pressure difference between ends of vessel, resistance overcome to move blood through vessel |
| laminar flow | easy in one direction |
| cardiac output | heart rate (how fast) X stroke volume (volume ejected each pump) |
| turbulent | disrupts flow (areas prone to clots) |
| cause of turbulence | obstruction (atherosclerosis, aneurysm, compression) |
| tunica adventitia | outer, provides structure and support |
| tunica media | middle, smooth muscle, constriction and dilation |
| tunica intima | inner, smooth inner lining, prevents platelet adherence and blood clotting |
| arteries | thick muscular wall, small middle lumen, more pressure |
| elastic fibers | allow stretch during systole and recoil during diastole |
| arterioles | determine systemic vascular resistance (SVR) |
| systemic vascular resistance | body, blood flow, opposing force; afterload |
| increase SVR | change force with vasoconstriction, harder to push against muscular layer |
| decrease SVR | dilation, open allows blood through |
| veins | return to right side of the heart, thin walled, distensible and collapsible, large capacity |
| one way valves | blood towards heart |
| capillaries | single endothelial cell basement membrane, connect arterial and venous ciruclation |
| intracellular junctions | pores |
| endothelial cells | continuous lining for entire vascular system, control of platelet adhesion and blood clotting |
| semi permeable membrane | controls transfer of molecules across the vascular wall, influences blood flow and vascular resistance |
| endothelial cell dysfunction | potentially reversible changes in endothelial function that occur in response to environmental stimuli |
| products causing inflammation | cytokines, bacteria, viruses |
| hemodynamic stresses | changes to blood flow, high uncontrolled BP |
| vascular smooth muscle cells vasoconstriction | SNS regulation |
| vascular smooth muscle cells relaxation | local regulation, nitric oxide |
| synthesize components of extracellular matrix | essential for healing, contribute to pathologic processes |
| arterial disorders | decreased blood flow to tissues, impaired oxygen delivery |
| arterial blood flow disorder manifestations | paleness, fatigue, cool skin, ischemia |
| venous disorders | interference with outflow of blood from the capillaries |
| venous blood flow disorder manifestations | edema, tenderness, warmth |
| atherosclerosis and vascultis | pathological changes to vessel wall |
| vessel obstruction | thrombus, embolus, vasospasm |
| tumors and edema | compression of blood vessels by extravascular forces |
| thrombosis | stationary blood clot within vessel or heart chamber, increases turbulence, reduces or blocks blood flow |
| embolus | clot traveling through bloodstream |
| thromboemboli | thrombus was dislodged |
| embolus from left side of heart | stroke, cerebrovascular accident |
| embolus from right side of heart | clot in the lungs, pulmonary embolism |
| lipoproteins | transport cholesterol and triglyceride to tissues for energy |
| VLDL | lethal, triglyceride heavy |
| LDL | lethal |
| HDL | healthy, protein heavy transporters |
| hypercholesterolemia | cholesterol levels 240 mg/dl or greater |
| primary hypercholesterolemia | genetic, independent of other health problems |
| chylomicrons | largest lipoprotein molecules |
| aneurysm | dilation of blood vessel secondary to atherosclerosis, weak arterial wall |
| pseudo aneurysm | only one wall out pouched |
| vasculitis | inflamed artery intima layer (allergic or autoimmune) |
| superficial vasculitis | appears red and inflamed |
| atherosclerotic occlusive disease | interrupts arterial flow to affected tissues or organ |
| thromboangilitis obliterans | buerger disease, inflammatory arterial disorder causes thrombus formation |
| intermittent claudication | pain with movement, muscles need oxygen for energy |
| raynaud disease | vasoconstriction of arteries in fingers, triggered by stress, cold |
| varicose veins | dilated, distended veins, valvular incompetence |
| hypercoagubility | high platelets and hematocrit |
| venous thromboembolism | inflammation of a vein with thrombus formation - deep veins lower extremities |
| risk factors for VTE - virchow's triad | stasis of blood, increased blood coagulability, vessel wall injury |
| stasis of blood | bed rest, immobility, acute myocarditis, shock, venous obstruction |
| vessel wall injury | indwelling catheters, surgery, massive trauma, infection, orthopedic surgery |
| dissecting aneurysm | acute, life threatening, hemorrhage into the vessel wall with longitudinal tearing of vessel wall forming a blood filled channel |
| fusiform or saccular aneurysms | thoracic and abdominal aorta, gradual enlargement of the aorta |
| berry aeurysm |
Created by:
ahommel
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