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Biology Chapter 2
Biology sections 2.1-2.4 Organic chemistry
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| All forms of life are made of... | Chemical compounds |
| Atom | Basic unit of matter. Made of protons, neutrons, and electrons. Electrically neutral. |
| Proton | Positive charge, mass of 1 AMU, located in the nucleus. |
| Neutron | Neutral/no charge, mass of 1 AMU, located in the nucleus. |
| Electron | Negative charge, mass of 1/1840 AMU (but not counted for us right now in the atomic mass of an element, but the reason it is not whole) Orbits the nucleus in shells. Inner 2 Outer 8 |
| Special qualities about P, N, and E | Protons+Neutrons= atomic mass of an element; protons=electrons to be electrically neutral. |
| Elements | a pure substance containing only one type of atom |
| What are the 6 most common elements found in living things, what percentage does it make up | CHNOPS (carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen, phosphorus, and sulfur) about 99% |
| Are the other 1% of elements found in living things important? | Yes, if they are not preset they can stunt growth or damage the development of organisms. |
| Isotopes | Atoms of the same element that differ in the number or neutrons. Have a different mass but chemical properties are the similar. |
| Give number of P, E, N for each isotope. Carbon 12; Carbon 13; Carbon 14; | Carbon-12: 6,6,6; Carbon-13: 6, 6, 7; Carbon-14: 6,6,8 |
| Radioactivity of isotopes | Isotopes can be radioactive and break down over time. Of course this is dangerous but it can also be used to -find the ages of rocks -detect cancer -kill bacteria -tracers for medicinal purposes |
| Compound | A pure substance formed by the chemical combination of two or more elements in defined proportions. Composition is known through the chemical formula. Held together by chemical bonds (covalent and ionic) |
| Are the chemical properties of a compound the same as the elements that make them up? Give an example. | No, a new substance is created when the two or more elements are combined. For example table salt (NaCl) Sodium is a silvery white highly reactive metal and chlorine is a yellow poisonous gas used to kill in war. We use salt every day safely. |
| Ionic bond | One or more electrons transferred from one atom to another in the valance shell. Metal and nonmetal. |
| Covalent Bonds | a bond between atoms where the electrons are shared. metal and metal. Create molecules. |
| Strongest chemical bonds | covalent and ionic |
| Weakest chemical bonds | hydrogen and van der Waals forces |
| Van der Waals forces | slight attraction developed between oppositely charged regions of nearby molecules. A gecko uses this to climb up walls. |
| Hydrogen bonds | weak attraction between hydrogen of one atom and oxygen nitrogen and fluorine of another atom. |
| Describe a water molecule | Polar, hydrogen is partially positively charged and oxygen is partially negatively charged, upside down V. |
| Polar | Partially positive one one end and partially negative on other end. Polar can mix with polar but non polar and polar do not mix well. Oil (non-polar) and water (polar). |
| What are the special properties of water? | Cohesion, surface tension, adhesion, capillary action, and heat capacity. Universal solvent. |
| Cohesion | attraction between molecules of the same substance. As many as 4 hydrogen bonds per water molecule. causes water molecules to be drawn together. (drops of water) |
| Surface tension | created by cohesion. Hydrogen bonds are stronger at the top because they have less bonds than the molecules in the middle do. Allowing them to support a little bit of weight. (water bugs, jesus lizards, spherical shape of water) |
| Adhesion | attraction of molecules of different substances. stronger than cohesion. (Dip in water in the graduated cylinder, water droplets sticking to a window) |
| Capillary Action | The combination of cohesion and adhesion that allows water to move against the force of gravity. (Plants use this to suck water up their roots. ) |
| Heat capacity | The amount of energy needed to raise the temperature of a substance by making the molecules move faster. Water's is high because of its hydrogen bonds. Allows water to absorb large amounts of heat and not spike in temperature. |
| Why is heat capacity important | In bodies of water the organisms living in there will not boil alive and be subjected to wild temperature changes. Allows them to live under frozen over water. 60% of us is water so we do not boil alive. |
| Why do we need water? | 60% or 2/3 of our body's mass is water. Everything our cells do and their chemical reactions take place in an water environment so in order for the chemical reactions to continue to take place and for our cells to function, all organisms must have water. |
| 2 mixtures that can be made with water | Solutions and suspensions |
| Solutions | a type of mixture made with water where all components are evenly distributed (homogeneous). 2 parts are solvent and solute |
| Solute | Substance which is dissolved |
| Solvent | Substance the solute is dissolved in |
| Saturated | When a given amount of water has dissolved all the solute. |
| Suspensions | A type of mixture of water where material separates into small pieces but does not dissolve. (heterogeneous) |
| PH scale | 1-14; 7 is neutral. Above 7: OH->H+; basic. Below 7: H+>OH-; acidic. Each step is a factor of 10. Cells should be about 6.5-7.5 |
| Buffers | Weak acids or basses that can react with strong acids or bases to precent sharp sdden changes in pH. Removing H+ or OH-. Important to maintaining homeostasis. |
| When a base is added | OH- ions are added; Bonds with free H+ ions; Carbonic acid breaks into bicarbonate ions and hydrogen ions; Carbon dioxide and water bond together to create carbonic acid; excess bicarbonate ions filtered by kidneys. |
| When an acid is added | H+ ions added; bonds with bicarbonate; more carbonic acid than bicarbonate; carbonic acid breaks into carbon dioxide and water; extra carbon dioxide is removed by lungs and water is peed out. |
| Why is it not really called organic compounds anymore? | non living things obey the same principles as living |
| What does it mean to be organic | It contains carbon and hydrogen |
| Carbon | 4 valance electrons forming 4 covalent bonds with CHNOPS. Carbon compounds are essential to organisms. Form chains of almost unlimited length. No element matches its versatility or size of molecules it can build. |
| Macromolecules | (big molecules) large organic molecules found in living things made of monomers |
| Monomers | join together to make up polymers. All polymers are macromolecules but not all macromolecules are polymers.(Lipid) |
| Polymerization | process of monomers joining together to create polymers. Stack like legos |
| 4 major groups of macromolecules | Carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids, and proteins |
| How many amino acids are there? | 20 |
| Dehydrationsynthesis | When water is removed to create bonds between monomers. (peptides only?? verify) |
| Chemical reaction | changes in the chemical bonds in a compounds and changes one set of chemicals into another. Mass and energy are conserved. Can occur slowly or quickly |
| Reactants | elements or compounds that engage in the chemical reaction |
| Products | elements or compounds produced by a chemical reaction. |
| One of the most important factors when determining whether a chemical reaction will occur? | Energy changes |
| Endothermic | -Energy absorbed -Bonds broken -require energy -small to large -anabolic |
| Exothermic | -Energy released -Bonds created -require energy but can occur on their own/spontaneously -Large to small -catabolic |
| Source of energy for reactions | Plants-sunlight; Animals-plants or other animals |
| Catylists | A substance that speeds up the rate of a chemical reaction. Recycled and not in product. Lowers activation energy. |
| Enzymes | Biological catylists that speed up the chemical reactions in cells. Proteins but not all proteins are enzymes. |
| Active sight | where the substrate(s) are brought together and held by weak hydrogen and van der Waals forces. |
| Enzyme substrate complex | Substrates+Enzyme= ESC. |
| Enzyme jobs | -Chemical pathways-make materials cells need -releasing energy -transfer information |
| Factors that denature or change shape of enzyme | High pH, temperature, and concentrationi of enzymes and substrates. What they do is weaken the hydrogen bonds, proteins unfold and hte shape of the active site is dissrupted. |
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