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Biology
Biology - Unit 3 - WGU
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| PROKARYOTES | Type of cell lacking a nucleus & other membrane-bound organelles. Unicellular organisms found only in the domains bacteria & archaea. (bacteria) |
| EUKARYOTES | Organisms with complex cells that have distinctive traits such as a nucleus, membrane-bound organelles, a cytoskeleton, & the presence of introns in genes. (plants, animals, and fungi) |
| CELL MEMBRANE | Structure surrounding all types of cells, separating it from the external environment. Semipermeable boundary - certain substances can cross & others can't. Chemically - dbl layer of phospholipids where proteins, & sterol carbohydrates are embedded. |
| CYTOPLASM | Substance that fills the inside contents of a cell between the plasma membrane & the nucleus. Contains a semifluid medium, composed mainly of water & organelles (present only if it is a eukaryotic cell) |
| CYTOSKELETON | Cell structure formed by a series of protein filaments. Scaffold for the cell structure & framework for many cellular activities, including movement & cell division. |
| RIBOSOMES | Cellular structure made of RNA & protein organized into 2 subunits & functions as site of protein synthesis. Synthesized in nucleolus. Found in cytoplasm of the cell in prokaryotes & eukaryotes. Eukaryotes: can be attached to rough endoplasmic reticulum. |
| ORGANELLES | Specialized structures within a cell, formed when a specific set of molecules bond, creating a subunit that has a specific function. Some are membrane bound. Other, such as flagella & ribosomes are not. |
| NUCLEUS | "center" or "core". Center of an atom where heavy particles (protons & neutrons) are packed close together. Central organelle of the eukaryotic cell. Consists of the cells DNA & is thought of as the "command center" of the eukaryotic cell. |
| NUCLEOID REGION | Specific region in the cytoplasm of a prokaryotic cell where genetic material (DNA) is stored. |
| EUKARYOTIC CELL | Type of cell with a membrane-enclosed nucleus & other membrane-enclosed structures (organelles) (mitochondria, chloroplasts, cytoskeleton, & Golgi apparatus). All organisms except bacteria & archaea - (animals, plants, & fungi) |
| CILIA | Short hair-like appendage on the cell surface. Functions to move the cell from one place to another or to move fluids & particles across the cell surface. Can be found on certain eukaryotic cells, such as the cells of the respiratory system. |
| NUCLEAR ENVELOPE | Double-layered membrane surrounding the nucleus of a cell. Also called the nuclear membrane. |
| MITOCHONDRIA | Pwrhouse of euk. cell; main function - perf. cell. respiration: convert chem. energy into adenosine triphosphate (ATP), used dir. by cell. Surrounded by dbl membrane & where ATP is made. Bacteria-like; contains own DNA - singular circular chromosome. |
| CHLOROPLASTS | Organelle in eukaryotic cells where photosynthesis occurs & generally involves the pigment chlorophyll. Surrounded by a dbl membrane & is also bacteria-like, so it contains its own DNA as a singular circular chromosome. |
| GOLGI APPARATUS | Organelle in eukaryotic cells consisting of stacks of membranous sacs that modify, store, and ship products of the endoplasmic reticulum. |
| VESICLES | Membranous sac in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells used to isolate & transport materials in a cell. Some fuse with the membranes of the endoplasmic reticulum & Golgi apparatus, allowing them to empty their contents into those organelles. |
| VACUOLES | Type of vesicle containing mostly water that is found in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells. Specialized mainly for storage. Membranes do not fuse with the membranes of other cellular components. |
| CELL WALL | Protective & reinforcing structure found in certain cells, situated outside the plasma membrane. Bacteria - mainly built of peptidoglycan, may also contain lipidic molecules. Plants & fungus - made of cellulose & chitin. |
| PHOSPHOLIPID BILAYER | Double layer of phospholipid molecules (ea with a layer of a glycerol bonded to a phosphate group & 2 fatty acids) that is the primary component of all cellular membranes. |
| SELECTIVELY PERMEABLE | Allows certain molecules or ions to pass through it by means of active or passive transport. |
| HOMEOSTASIS | The tendency of organisms & cells to maintain stable internal conditions. Comes from the terms meaning (same, alike) and (standing) |
| SIMPLE DIFFUSION | Spontaneous movement of particles of any kind down a concentration gradient; that is, movement of particles from where they are more concentrated to where they are less concentrated. |
| FACILITATED DIFFUSION | Passage diffusion of a substance across a biological membrane down its concentration gradient, aided by specific transport proteins. |
| ACTIVE TRANSPORT | Movement of a substance across a biological membrane against its concentration gradient, aided by specific transport proteins & requiring input of energy (often as ATP) |
Created by:
StubbyJane
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