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Immunology Quiz 2
Lectures 11-14
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| congenic strain | two strains that differ from one another by a single short region of chromosome |
| background/reference strain | provide genetic background |
| orthotopic | tail/skin grafting |
| H-2 | mouse's strongest histocompatibility ag, chromosome 17 |
| snell and goren | graft rejection based on allelic differences between congenic partners, mouse tail grafts |
| benacerraf | genetic regulation of ab production, mapped IR genes to the MHC- class 2 region |
| MHC | multiple similar loci, many genes ( Ab H and L chains), tandem repeats, variable regions |
| tandem repeats | slightly different sequences |
| self-MHC restriction of T cells | Zingenhagel & doherty experiment, Cr-labeled target cells, dual recognition or MHC restriction, chromium release if there is killing: radioactive suenatent |
| immune synapse | MHC I to Tc or MHC II to Th, dual recognition in both |
| superantigen | can eliminate the requirements for matching of MHC and antigen shapes, massive systemic immunoactivation, complement cascade, toxic shock, binds outside of pocket |
| proteosome | molecular structure that can recognize damaged protein and break it down to peptides, TAP, RER |
| TAP | transporter of antigenic peptides |
| ubiquitin labeling | ATP dependent process that uses three different enzyme systems to add ubiquitin as a mark of a protein destined for degradation by the proteasome. |
| What makes the MHC selective for foreign agents? | It isn't |
| why is the MHC so polymorphic, both inside an individual and across individuals? | inheritance of different MHC molecules, recognize self/not self |
| What makes the immune response normally unresponsive to self peptide docked in the MHC? | It isn't always unresponsive; sometimes the response is a good thing and other times it is he root cause of autoimmune disease, but unresponsiveness is enabled by T cell selection in he thymus, and B cell selection in the bursal equivalent |
| southern blotting | DNA fragments separated n agarose gel, blot set up to transfer the fragments to nitrocellulose paper, NC is heated to fix the DNA to the paper and to denature it to SS DNA, can be probed with radioactive DNA - hybridize the complementary strands |
| Hedrick and Davis Experiment | identified TcR genes, Assumptions: T not B, membrane bound, encoded by genes that rearrange like genes encoding Ig, composed of C and V regions |
| T cell receptor gene rearrangement | V, J, C regions - TCR alpha and beta chain, beta also has D. segments recombined w add nucleotide add. substantial T cell dversity |
| hypervariable complementarity determining regions of the alpha chain and beta chain | CDR1 and CDR2 - V region, CDR3 - V(D)Jjunction |
| TcR | expression of the receptor on the cell surface requires associate with additional proteins |
| alpha:beta TcR | predominant form |
| gamma:delta TcR | preferentially reside in the issues and their T cells do not undergo the thymic development that a:b cells do and do not recognize ag in the same way, atypical ag no MHC restriction |
| thymus | 95-98% of T cells fail, only middle survive and exit thymus, rearranging different regions - certain level of affinity, MHC restriction - APC (need to be able to bind), bind too well - autoreactive, apop. |
| negative selection | cd4 marks Th, cd8 marks Tc |
| positive selection | sufficient to sustain survival |
| TH1 | cytokine, cellular, CT response, INF-gamma, IC2, TNF -beta, excess - reumatoidarthis |
| Th2 | cytokine, humoral response, Il-4,5,13,10, excess- asthma/allergies |
| INF-gamma | suppresses Th2 |
| IL-10 | suppresses TH!, cross antagonistic with INF-gamma |
| Leshmania major | blood parasite, carried by sand fly, phagocytes- replicates w/in |
| T regulatory | suppresses immune |
| what soluble molecules influence both adaptive and innate immunity? | cytokines and their receptors |
| soluble mediators of immunity | cytokines |
| cytokines | identified by their biological activity factors, names based on: function, origin, destination |
| autocrine | stimulate yourself |
| paracrine | nearby cell |
| endocrine | distant cell |
| general properties of cytokines | 1) regulate and produce immune response 2) brief and self-limited 3) made by several cell types 4) pleiotropic 5) different effect at different times 6) redundant 7) cross regulatory 8) can modify responses from other cytokines |
| pleiotropic | a single locus affects two or more apparently unrelated phenotypic traits |
| redundant | several cytokines can illicit proliferation |
| cross regulatory | upregulation and downregulation |
| can modify responses from other cytokines | upregulation and downregulation |
| cytokine growth factors | can stimulate growth - colony stimulating factors |
| cytokine ng-pg/ml amounts | very tiny amount of protein necessary |
| IL2 | T cell activation, signal transduction cascade, genes +/-, gene turned on by TcR, autocrine later in life, low affinity dimer, high affinity trimer |
| TNF-gamma | kuru, early stage inflm - septic shock, cytokine storms, CD95 apop |
| cytokine storm | triggers: septic shock, LPS (PRR) - endotoxin, pyrogen, super antigen |
| three ways to activate complement cascade | classical pathway, lectin pathway, alternative pathway |
| classical pathway | binding of C1 to immune complex - complement recognizes grabbing of ag, starts cascade - membrane attack complex |
| lectin pathway | bind to glycoproteins - recognize foreign lectin, recognition of carbohydrate based pamps by mbl or ficolins |
| alternative pathway | LPS, spontaneous hydrolysis of c3 followed by binding of c3b to bacterial or yeast polysaccharides |
| membrane attack complex | opsonins - bind and mediate phagocytosis (opsonization), ab, complement subunits, barrel insert into membrane (similar to preferrin-Tc) |
| cobra venom | activated C3 (downregulate cascade) - hop over other regions, activate cascade |
| complement | constitutively present in serum, series of linked enzymes, complement always in blood |
| chicken soup | inhibits neutrophil chemotaxis in vivo, FMLP - chemokine formulated peptide, soup eases URA symptoms, chemotaxis assay, diapedesis, collapses complement response |
| zymosan activated serum | heat killed yeast forms immune complexes and activate complement |
| Problems with chicken soup paper | chicken soup doesn't enter blood, it's digested would improve experiment - by using blood from those who ate soup |
| functional activities of complement | binding to ag:ab complexes and path surface, binding to mannose on bacteria, activating enzymes, membrane-binding proteins and opsonins, peptide mediators of infln, membrane-attack proteins, complement receptors,, complement regulatory proteins |
| chemotaxis | directional movement of cells guided by an external soluble gradient |
| haptotaxis | directional movement of cells guided by an external soluble gradient |
| chemokinesis | movement of cells without a gradient cue (can still result in directional movement |
| diapedesis | movement of blood cells into tissues |
Created by:
rorymcnaughton
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