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bio chp.7 cells
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| robert hooke | saw cell walls in cork - named cells |
| van leeuwenhoek | saw "animalcules" in pond water, first to see living cells |
| theodor schwann | all animals are made of cells |
| Matthias Schleiden | all plants are made of cells |
| Rudolf Virchow | cells come from pre-existing cells |
| cell theory | 1. cells are basic unit of life. 2. all organisms are made of cells. 3. cells come from other cells |
| compound light microscope | can see small living things |
| Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) | electron microscope - can see cell structures |
| Scanning electron microscope (SEM) | electron microscope - scans surface of cells |
| eukaryotic | contain organelles; DNA in nucleus |
| prokaryotic | simple, no nucleus, DNA free in cytoplasm |
| bacteria | prokaryotic |
| in multicellular organisms | eukaryotic cells are found where? |
| deoxyribonucleic acid | DNA |
| chromatin | DNA in a more relaxed state before it becomes chromosome |
| chromosomes | formed from chromatin; 23 pairs of these in humans |
| nucleolus | found inside the nucleus and produces ribosomes |
| cytoplasm | everything inside a cell except the nucleus |
| cytosol | the soluble portion of the cytoplasm, which includes molecules and small particles, such as ribosomes, but not the organelles covered with membranes |
| ribosomes | a cell organelle composed of RNA and protein; the site of protein synthesis |
| rough er | part of the endoplasmic reticulum that contains ribosomes, so this part is in charge of protein synthesis in the endoplasmic reticulum |
| smooth er | assembles membrane lipids and detoxifies the cell of drugs; no ribosomes on this organelle |
| golgi apparatus | stack of membranes in the cell that modifies, sorts, and packages proteins from the er |
| lysosomes | organelles containing digestive enzymes |
| vacuoles | cell organelles that store materials such as water, salts, proteins, and carbohydrates. |
| mitochondria | an organelle in eukaryotic cells that serves as the site of cellular respiration; uses oxygen to break down organic molecules and synthesize ATP. |
| chloroplast | an organelle found in plant and algae cells where photosynthesis occurs |
| cytoskeleton | a network of fibers that holds cells together, helps the cell to keep its shape, and aids in movement |
| microfilaments | long, thin fibers that function in the movement and support of the cell |
| microtubles | a hollow rod composed of tubulin proteins that makes up part of the cytoskeleton in all eukaryotic cells and is found in the cilia and flagella. |
| centrioles | cell organelle that aids in cell division in animal cells only |
| cell wall | a rigid layer of nonliving material that surrounds the cells of plants and some other organisms |
| cellulose | a substance (made of sugars) that is common in the cell walls of many organisms |
| cell membrane | a thin, phospholipid bilayer, membrane around the cytoplasm of a cell that regulates what enters and exits the cell |
| lipid bi-layer | phospholipid molecules which are amphipathic (have hydrophilic and hydrophobic ends) |
| diffusion | movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration |
| osmosis | diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane |
| hypertonic solution | a solution having greater concentration of dissolved solute than the solution to which it is compared |
| hypotonic solution | a solution in which the concentration of solutes is less than that of a cell that resides in the solution |
| isotonic solution | concentration outside the red blood cell equals the concentration inside the red blood cell |
| cell shrinks | hypertonic |
| cell swells and possibly lyses | hypotonic solution |
| osmotic pressure | pressure that develops when two solutions of different concentrations are separated by a semipermeable membrane |
| facilitated diffusion | passive diffusion that is aided by transport proteins, but that does not require cellular energy (still goes from high to low concentration) |
| active transport | energy requiring process that moves material across a cell membrane against a concentration difference |
| endocytosis | process by which a cell takes material into the cell by infoldings of the cell membrane |
| phagocytosis | a type of endocytosis in which a cell engulfs large particles or whole cells |
| pinocytosis | a type of endocytosis in which the cell ingests extracellular fluid and its dissolved solutes. |
| exocytosis | a cell releases substances to the environment when a vesicle joins with the plasma |
| unicellular | made of a single cell |
| multicellular | organisms made up of more than one cell (plants and animals) |
| cell specialization | cells develop to preform specific functions |
| guard cells | specialized plant cell: in a plant leaf, cells that surround the stomata to open and close them |
| red blood cells | specialized animal cell: blood cells that carry oxygen from the lungs to the body |
| cells | basic unit of structure and function in all living things |
| tissues | groups of cells with a common structure and function |
| organs | group of tissues that work together to preform closely related functions |
| organ systems | groups of organs that work together to perform a necessary life function |
| lyse of lysis | the death of a cell by bursting |
Created by:
xumin
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