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AP Bio - Cell Cycle
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| 2 phases of the cell cycle | Mitotic and Interphase |
| What makes up the Mitotic phase? | Mitosis and Cytokinesis |
| What makes up Interphase? | G1, S, and G2 |
| What phase do cells spend 90% of time in? | Interphase |
| What does G1 stand for? | Gap One |
| What happens during the G1 phase? | the cell grows and makes proteins for DNA replication |
| What happens during the S phase? | chromosomes duplicate |
| What does S stand for? | Synthesis |
| What happens during the G2 phase? | the cell grows and makes proteins for mitosis |
| What happens during cytokensis? | Cytoplasm divides between daughter cells |
| Is the timing and frequency of the cell cycle the same for every cell? | No |
| What phase do cells that do not divide enter? | G0 |
| What is a genome? | All the DNA in the nucleus |
| What are genomes made up of? | Genes |
| What do genes carry? | All information that specifies an organisms inherited traits |
| What is chromatin made up of? | DNA and proteins |
| What does chromatin condense into? | Chromosomes |
| What do chromosomes contain? | 2 sister chromatids |
| What are sister chromatids held together by? | Centromere |
| How many chromosomes do human somatic cells contain? | 46, 23 from each parent |
| How many chromosomes do gamete cells contain? | 23 |
| List the 5 stages of mitosis: | Prophase, Prometaphase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase |
| How do animal cells perform cytokinesis? | Cleavage |
| How do plant cells perform cytokinesis? | Cell plate |
| What happens to the nucleus in prophase? | It disappears |
| When do mitotic spindles form in prophase? | microtubules extend from the centrosome |
| What happens to the chromatin during prophase? | Condenses into chromosomes |
| What happens to the nuclear envelope during prometaphase? | Breaks apart |
| What is a kinetochore? | group of proteins near the centromere of a chromosome |
| What happens to the spindle microtubules in prometaphase? | attach to kinetochores |
| What happens to the chromosomes during metaphase? | Align at the metaphase plate |
| What happens to the chromosomes in Anaphase? | They split into sister chromatids and recede to different sides of the cell |
| How do the chromosomes split apart in Anaphase? | the proteins holding the sister chromatids together deactivate |
| What happens to the chromosomes in Telophase? | They uncoil |
| What stage begins at the end of Telophase? | Cytokinesis |
| What begins to form in Telophase? | Daughter nuclei |
| How do prokaryotes divide? | Binary Fission |
| What happens in Binary Fission? | chromosomes replicate and move to opposite sides of cell. Then the cell divides into two identical daughter cells. |
| What is the cell cycle controlled by? | signaling molecules in the cytoplasm |
| List the three checkpoints of the cell cycle system: | G1, G2, and M |
| What is the first checkpoint? | G1 |
| What happens at checkpoint G1? | a transcription repressor protein is degraded allowing DNA to replicate |
| What happens if the cell does not make it through G1 checkpoint? | Enters G0 phase |
| What is produced if the cell's conditions are right? | Cyclin-dependent proteins kinases |
| What do cyclin-dependent proteins kinases do? | Allow the cell to pass through G1 and G2. |
| What do cyclin-dependent proteins kinases need to activate? | Cyclin |
| What is a cyclin? | protein that appears during the cell cycle |
| Provide an example of a cyclin + cyclin-dependent protein kinases: | Maturation-promoting factor (MPF) |
| When is MPF formed? | cyclin level rises during S and G2 phase, and abruptly decreases during the M phase |
| What does MPF do? | allows the cell to pass G2 and M |
| What must happen for the cell to pass the M phase? | all chromosome kinetochores must be attached to the spindle at the metaphase plate |
| What happens if the cell stops at G2? | Cell repairs or apoptosis (cell death) |
| What happens if the cell stops at M? | Cell repairs or apoptosis |
| What is cancer? | The uncontrollable, rapid growth of cells |
| What is density-dependent inhibition? | sense a normal cell has when a cell gets too crowded, the cell stops dividing? |
| Do cancer cells have density-dependent inhibition? | No |
| What processes make cells speacialized? | cell division, cell differentiation, and morphogenesis |
| What happens during embryonic development? | Cell differentiation |
| What does the cell become specialized in during cell differentiation? | structure and function |
| What does the cell become specialized in during morphogenesis? | Shape |
| What do cells differ in structure and function? | express different portions of a common genome |
| What are substances in the egg's cytoplasm called? | cytoplasmic determinants |
| What do cytoplasmic determinants do? | regulate development by regulating gene expression |
| What happens during induction? | gene expression is controlled by environmental signals sent from cell to cell |
Created by:
Lilly_Floyd
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