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cellular respiration
ap bio unit 3 - photosynthesis and cellular respiration
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| in what part of the mitochondria is the pH the lowest? | the outer compartment |
| the end product of glycolysis is... | 2 pyruvic acid |
| alchoholic fermentation produces ____ and ____ in most plant cells and in many microorganisms | CO2, ethyl alcohol |
| the reactions of the Kreb's cycle take place ______ the mitochondrion | within |
| most of the ATP yield from the complete oxidation of glucose results from the ____ ________ ______. | electron transport chain |
| reactant A in A+H-->AH is.... | reduced |
| the synthesis of ATP... | stores energy |
| aerobic respiration is a _______ efficient process for generating ATP than glycolysis | more |
| where is ATP synthesized | inner membrane |
| where are the molecules of the ETC located in the mitochondria | on the inner membrane |
| where does glycolysis take place? | in the cytoplasm |
| NADH+(H+)=FAD--->(NAD+)+FADH2 NADH is | oxidized |
| each individual reaction in glycolysis requires a molecules of a specific ______ | enzyme |
| what is the net gain in ATP molecules produced during the reactions of glycolysis under anaerobic conditions? | 2 |
| step 3 free energy = +3.0 step 4 free energy = -9.0 | the reactions when taken together are strongly exergonic so these two coupled reactions can proceed |
| what is not produced when a muscle cell is metabolizing glucose in the absence of oxygen? | acetyl-CoA |
| anaerobic conditions would not affect | the active transport of glucose into cells |
| anaerobic conditions would promote | the formation of ethyl alcohol, the accumulation of NADre in cells |
| an important function of fermentation is to | regenerate NADox |
| in glycolysis... | 1. proceeds in step by step series of chemical reactions catalyzed by an enzyme 2. phosphorylation 3. oxygen is not required 4. ATP is formed |
| how much molecular oxygen is required in the fermentation of one molecule of glucose? | none |
| which metabolic pathway is a common pathway to both anaerobic and aerobic metabolism? | glycolysis |
| 2 acetyl-CoA's going through Krebs Cycle = | 6 NADre 2 FADre 2 ATP |
| citric acid = 6 carbon atoms | succinic acid = 4 carbon atoms |
| besides supplying the cell with ATP and NADre, the Krebs Cycle... | provides intermediates form which various other compounds can be made |
| the final electron acceptor is | oxygen |
| if cyanide blocks the ETC... | electrons and hydrogens cannot flow from NADre to oxygen |
| chemiosmotic hypothesis = | ATP is produced by the mitochondrion when H+ ions stored in the outer compartment flow back into the inner compartment |
| which reaction from glycolysis yields the most new ATP molecules under aerobic conditions assuming the electrons complete their trop down the respiratory system | 2 acetyl-CoA--->4CO2+H2O |
| in animals which compound has the greatest amount of energy per molecule? | pyruvic acid |
| what percentage of ATP comes from chemiosmotic phosphorylation? | 89% |
| when glucose is broken down to CO2 and H2O during aerobic respiration, _____ of its energy is released as heat | 60% |
| stage 1: | called glycolysis occurs in the cytoplasm w/out oxygen starting compounds: glucose, 2 ATP, 2 NADox products: 2 pyruvic acid, 2 NADre, 4 ATP (2 net ATP) |
| stage 2: | occurs in mitochondria only if oxygen is present starting compounds: 2 pyruvic acid, 2 CoA, 2 NADox products: 2 acetyl-CoA, 2 CO2, 2 NADre |
| stage 3: | called Krebs Cycle starting compounds: 2 acetyl-CoA, 2 C4 compounds products: 2CoA, 4 CO2, 6 NADre, 2 FADre, 2 ATP, 2 C4 compounds |
| stage 4: | called ETC all the NADre, FADre, dump off high energy electrons (and H+) to ETC in the inner membrane H+ ions are pumped into outer compartment O2 is needed to accept electrons |
| stage 5: | called chemiosmosis oxygen turns into H2O after it accepts electrons and H+ ions diffuse across the inner membrane into the inner compartment and release free energy the energy is captured to make ATP |
| stages 4/5: | starting compounds: 2 NADre from stage 1 2 NADre from stage 2 6 NADre from stage 3 2 FADre from stage 3 products: 32 ATP |
| total ATP formed = | 36 |
| the high energy electrons carried by NAD and FAD come from | glucose |
| ATP is used for | cellular processes such as active transport, muscle movement, nervous system, etc |
| what happens to ATP, NADre, and FADre after they are used? | they are recyled |
| what is glucose used for | source of electrons |
| what is oxygen used for | accepts electrons |
| what is CO2 and H2O used for | nothing (waste products) |
| what are NADre and FADre used for | carrying electrons |
| what occurs in the Krebs cycle? | acetyl-CoA is broken down |
| why is glucose not used as a direct energy source? | too much energy (700 kcal) |
| what is ATP used as a main source of energy? | just the right amount of energy (7 kcal) |
| why does glucose have potential energy? | it has excited electrons from light energy trapped in C-C bonds |
| what happens if there is not enough O2 in mitochondria | stage 2 cannot function and will effect all other steps |
| fermentation | when not enough O2 is present for step 2 starting compounds: 2 pyruvic acid, 2 NADre products: 2 ethyl alcohol + 2 CO2 + 2 NADox or 2 lactic acid + 2 NADox |
| basic stages in the complete breakdown of glucose | 1. glucose ---> pyruvic acid 2. pyruvic acid ---> acetyl-CoA 3. acetyl-CoA enters Krebs Cycle 4. respiratory electron transport chain 5. chemiosmotic synthesis of ATP |
| glucose will only COMPLETELY breakdown if | O2 is present |
Created by:
tpolinsky24
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