Question 1

Ligand -

Accepted Answer

A signaling molecule  that binds to a specific receptor protein and initiates signal transduction in cells

Question 2

Receptor protein -

Accepted Answer

A highly specific cell-surface receptor embedded in a cell membrane, can only respond to a specific messenger molecule

Question 3

Signal transduction -

Accepted Answer

The events that occur within a cell on receipt of a signal, which involves ligand binding to a receptor protein; these pathways produce the cellular response to a signaling molecule

Question 4

Intracellular receptor -

Accepted Answer

Has hydrophobic ligands (can pass membrane),

Question 5

Membrane receptor -

Accepted Answer

Has hydrophilic ligands (can’t pass membrane),

Question 6

Cell signaling -

Accepted Answer

Occurs in all multicellular organisms, requires a signaling molecule,

Question 7

The 4 basic mechanism of communication:

Accepted Answer

Direct contact, paracrine signaling, endocrine signaling, synaptic signaling

Question 8

Autocrine signaling -

Accepted Answer

When cells send signals to themselves, secreting signals that bind to specific receptors on their own plasma membranes; this plays an important role in reinforcing developmental changes, and is an important component of signaling in the immune system

Question 9

Direct contact  -

Accepted Answer

Occurs when cells are very close to one another and some of the molecules on the plasma membrane of one cell can be recognized by receptors on the plasma membrane of an adjacent cell; is important in early development; happens through gap junctions

Question 10

Paracrine signaling  -

Accepted Answer

Signal molecules are released from a secretory cell to other nearby cells. These molecules can’t reach long distances and don’t last for a long time. This is type of chemical signaling between cells in which the effects are local and short-lived.

Question 11

Endocrine signaling  -

Accepted Answer

A signal molecule(hormones) enters the circulatory system and travels widely throughout the body. These signals are longer-lived and can affect cells very distant from the releasing cells.

Question 12

Synaptic signaling  -

Accepted Answer

This type of signaling is found in animals; it provides rapid communication with distant cells. Signal molecules(neurotransmitters) are released from a nerve cell when the cells long, fiber-like tensions are close to a target cell.

Question 13

Phosphorylation  -

Accepted Answer

Chemical reaction resulting in the addition of a phosphate group to an organic molecule. Phosphorylation of ADP yields ATP. Many proteins are also activated or inactivated by phosphorylation.

Question 14

Kinase  -

Accepted Answer

an enzyme that catalyzes the transfer of a phosphate group from ATP to a specified molecule

Question 15

Phospatase  -

Accepted Answer

Any of a number of enzymes that removes a phosphate group from a protein, reversing the action of a kinase.

Question 16

Cell surface / membrane receptor  -

Accepted Answer

They  consist of transmembrane proteins that are in contact with both the cytoplasm and the extracellular environment and can be categorized based on their structure and function

Question 17

Intracellular steroid receptor  -

Accepted Answer

class of ligand-dependent transcription factors that include receptors for both steroid and non-steroid hormones; can be found in the cytoplasm or nucleus

Question 18

3 functional domains:

Accepted Answer

a hormone-binding domain, a DNA-binding domain, and a domain that can interact with coactivators to affect the level of gene transcription.

Question 19

Chemical Synapse  -

Accepted Answer

A close association that allows chemical communication between neurons. A chemical signal (neurotransmitter) released by the first neuron binds to receptors in the membrane of the second neuron.

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BIOL 1406 CH 9