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Bio Chapter 7
Cellular Respiration
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is a product (as opposed to a substrate) of at least one of the processes of cellular respiration? - Oxygen - Water - Glucose | Water |
| During the citric acid cycle: - ATP is synthesized by oxidative phosphorylation - High-energy electrons are removed from NAD+ and FADH - Fuel molecules are completely reduced - ATP is synthesized by substrate-level phosphorylation | ATP is synthesized by substrate-level phosphorylation |
| The final (terminal) electron acceptor of the electron transport chain is: - Oxygen - NAD+ - Coenzyme Q - ATP Synthase - Cytochrome C | Oxygen |
| Certain complexes of the mitochondrial electron transport chain pump protons. Protons are pumped across what part of the mitochondrial membrane? | They pump across the inner part of the mitochondrial membrane, from the matrix to the inter membrane space. |
| How many reactions in glycolysis directly generate ATP by substrate-level phosphorylation? - 2 - 3 - 1 - 4 - 5 | 4 |
| Which of these reactions summarizes the overall reactions of cellular respiration? - H2O --> 2H+ + 1/2 O2 + 2e- - C6H12O6 + 6O2 --> 6CO2 + 6H2O + energy - 6CO2 + 6O2 --> C6H12O6 + 6H2O - 6 CO2 + 6H2O + energy --> C6H12O6 + 6O2 | C6H12O6 + 6O2 --> 6CO2 + 6H2O + energy |
| What happens to glucose or other sugar molecules during cellular respiration? | They are broken down in the presence of oxygen to produce carbon dioxide and water. |
| What kind of reaction is cellular respiration? | An oxidation-reduction reaction |
| What is the meaning behind OILRIG? | Oxidation is loss, Reduction is gain |
| What is oxidation? | The loss of electrons, breaks bonds |
| What is reduction? | The gain of electrons, makes bonds |
| What are the four stages of cellular respiration? | Glycolysis, Pyruvate Oxidation, Citric Acid Cycle, Oxidative Phosphorylation |
| What is substrate-level phosphorylation? | A way of generating ATP in which a phosphate group is transferred to ADP from an organic molecule, which acts as a phosphate donor or substrate. |
| What is oxidative phosphorylation? | A set of metabolic reactions that occurs by passing electrons along an electron transport chain to the final electron acceptor, oxygen, pumping protons across a membrane, and using the proton electrochemical gradient to drive synthesis of ATP. |
| How does substrate-level phosphorylation function? | - Produces 12% ATP - Occurs in the cytoplasm during glycolysis, and in the mitochondria during the citric acid cycle |
| How does oxidative phosphorylation function? | - Produces 88% ATP - Takes place in the mitochondria, it is the last step of cellular respiration. |
| What is glycolysis? | The breakdown of glucose to pyruvate; the first stage of cellular respiration. |
| What goes into and comes out of glycolysis? Where does this occur? | - It starts with one molecule of glucose, 2 ADP, and 2 NAD+. It ends with 2 pyruvate, a total of four ATP molecules, and 2 NADH. Energy transfers to ATP and reduces electron carriers. - Occurs in the cytoplasm. |
| What goes into and comes out of pyruvate oxidation? Where does this occur? | - The inputs are 2 pyruvate, 2 NAD+ and Coenzyme A. The outputs are 2 CO2, 2 NADH, and 2 acetyl CoA. - Occurs in the mitochondrial matrix. Pyruvate must enter the mitochondrion, and then cross the inner membrane and arriving at the matrix. |
| What is pyruvate oxidation? | Pyruvate is oxidized to another molecule called acetyl-coenzyme A (acetyl-CoA), producing reduced electron carriers and releasing carbon dioxide. |
| What goes into and comes out of the citric acid cycle? Where does this occur? | - It takes in 2 acetyl CoA, 2 FAD, and 2 NAD. It ends with 6 NADH, 4 CO2, 2 FADH2, and 2 ATP. - Also takes place in the mitochondrial matrix. |
| What is the citric acid cycle? | The third stage of cellular respiration, in which acetyl-CoA is broken down and carbon dioxide is released. The acetyl group is completely oxidized to CO2 and energy is transferred to ATP and reduced electron carriers. |
| What goes into and comes out of oxidative phosphorylation? Where does this occur? | The inputs are ADP, 10 NADH, 2 FADH2, and O2. The outputs are 38 ATP, NAD+, FAD+, and H2O. - Occurs in the mitochondria |
| What is the goal of fermentation? Where does it occur? | - It complements glycolysis and makes it possible for ATP to be continually produced in the absence of oxygen. - Occurs in cytoplasm. |
| How much energy is in the outcome of glycolysis? | - 4 ATP - 2 NADH - Has a net gain of 2 ATP |
| What are the 3 phases of glycolysis? | Preparatory Phase, Cleavage Phase, Payoff Phase |
| Which phase in glycolysis uses up ATP? | The preparatory phase |
| Which step in glycolysis breaks the 6 carbon glucose into two 3 carbon molecules? | Step 4 |
| How much energy is in the outcome of pyruvate oxidation? | 2 NADH |
| How much energy is in the outcome of the citric acid cycle? | - 2 ATP - 6 NADH - 2 FADH2 |
| What would happen to ATP synthesis if there was a problem with the electron transport chain? | - NADH+H and FADH2 cannot be converted back into NAD and FAD. - If there was a problem, oxidative phosphorylation will not occur because without the proton gradient to drive ATP synthase, there is no synthesis of ATP. |
| What would happen to ATP synthesis if there was a problem with the proton gradient? | Without this, protons will not flow through ATP synthase, therefore no ATP will be produced. |
| What would happen to ATP synthesis if there was a problem with the ATP synthase complex? | ATP will not be produced |
| If rats inhale radioactive O2, the first molecules to acquire radioactivity in their cells will be ___________. - CO2 - Carbohydrates - ATP - Water | Water |
| Creating pores in the membrane of mitochondria immediately halts ATP synthesis. The most obvious explanation accounting for this observation is ___________. - Leakage of hydrogen ions - Leakage of CO2 - Leakage of oxygen - Leakage of ATP | Leakage of hydrogen ions |
| Animals breathe in air containing oxygen and breathe out air containing less oxygen. The consumed oxygen is used: - In the citric acid cycle - In the glycolysis pathway - As an electron acceptor in the respiraory electron transport chain | As an electron acceptor in the respiraory electron transport chain |
| What is the definition of cellular respiration? | The process by which energy is harvested by cells from carbon source (sugar). It requires oxygen, and release CO2, H2O, and large amount of ATP. |
| What is ATP? | Adenosine triphosphate - the fuel for all cells. |
| How is ATP generated? | Substrate-level phosphorylation and oxidative phosphorylation |
| What happens in stages 1 and 2 of cellular respiration (glycolysis and pyruvate oxidation)? | Fuel molecules are partially broken down, producing ATP and electron carriers. |
| What happens during stage 3 of cellular respiration (citric acid cycle)? | Fuel molecules are fully broken down, producing ATP and electron carriers. |
| What happens during stage 4 of cellular respiration (oxidative phosphorylation)? | Electron carriers oxidized (loss e-), electron transport chain, leading to the synthesis of ATP. |
| Active transport helps protons move across what? | inner membrane of the mitochondria |
| Electrochemical gradient (PE) is transformed to kinetic energy when protons do what? | Move down the gradient to synthesize ATP |
| During oxidative phosphorylation, what do complexes 1 and 2 do? | They harvest electrons from NADH and FADH2. |
| Cellular respiration only occurs in the presence of what? | Oxygen |
| What is an alternative way of producing ATP with the lack of oxygen? | Fermentation |
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annalise5590
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