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Biology unit 2
Organelles, prokaryotic vs eukaryotic, plants vs animals,
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Prokaryotic cells | no nucleus, single chromosomes. Unicellular and lacks organelles, and other membrane bound structures. piece of DNA located in the nucleoid |
| Eukaryotic cells | cells have nucleus and other organelles enclosed in membrane. Unicellular or multicellular. (one cell organism vs multiple cells make up organism) |
| Plant cells | Includes cell wall, central vacuole, chloroplast (photosynthesis), and all basic products. Rigid walls and organized. no lysosomes |
| Animal cells | No wall, only membrane, small or no vacuole, has lysosomes. |
| Nucleus | Contains DNA, stores information, cell growth, function, and reproduction. Nuclear envelope- separates contents of nucleus from cytoplasm. Nuclear pore- pores on the envelope that allows larger sized substance to move in and out of the nucleus. |
| Nucleolus | Ribosome factory in the middle of the nucleus. Composed of DNA, RNA, and proteins. |
| Ribosome | Not technically an organelle, Non membrane-bound folded bundle of RNA, facilitates production of polypeptide chains and produces proteins from mRNA. |
| vesicles | Small membrane enclosed with secretory product, structures that store and move materials between cell organelles as well as to and from the cell surface. Comes in all sizes. |
| Rough Endoplasmic reticulum | a regular endoplasmic reticulum and has ribosomes on it. Attached. Folds and creates proteins that are released or secreted from the cell, as well as many membrane proteins and proteins (enzymes) destined for the lysosomes. |
| Smooth Endoplasmic reticulum | No ribosomes but contain collections of enzymes for the synthesis of membrane lipids and the detoxification of drugs. |
| Golgi apparatus | flat stack of membranes that modifies, sorts, and packages proteins into vesicles that can fuse with the cell membrane and release content outside. Thicker and smaller endoplasmic reticulum. |
| Lysosomes | hydrolytic enzymes breaks down cellular waste, bacteria, and viruses. Digestive system enzymes break the materials. Breaks down organelles that had lost its use. Animal cells only. |
| Vacuoles | cells that store materials and waste products. Sac with fluid tonoplast. Food vacuoles store salt, carbs, and proteins. Contractile vacuoles helps move organisms by pumping water in and out of cell. Animal cells? |
| Central Vacuole | Stores water and fluid in plants. The pressure of the central vacuole increases rigidity and stiff structure. Plant cells only. |
| mitochondria | Converts the chemical energy stored in food (glucose) into compounds that are more convenient for the cell to use (ATP), in other words, energy. Contain an inner membrane, outer membrane, and their own DNA, round with squiggles. |
| chloroplast | plant cells only. Converts light energy into chemical energy. Photosynthesis. Double membranes with lumen and green pancakes stacked. |
| peroxisome | Contain enzymes that break down fatty acids, in the process producing H2O2 (hydrogen peroxide) which is toxic to cells, so they also contain an enzyme to break that down to H2O |
| cytoskeleton | Network of protein filaments that help maintain shape and transportation of material between different parts of the cell. |
| cilia | Membrane bound cylinders on the surface of the cell like hairs used for movement or to move molecules across the surface of the cells. |
| flagella | A tail like membrane that helps with movement. Helical shaped. Located outside of cell membrane. |
| Endoplasmic Reticulum | Provides a site for protein and lipid synthesis. Squiggly lines near the nucleus. Eukaryotic. |
| phospholipids | Mirrored, double layered. Makes up most of the membrane. Has a polar head and 2 non polar tails, tails are hydrophobic, head is hydrophilic. Not static, can be moved laterally with the membrane. |
| proteins | Determine most membranes function. two types of proteins, found in cell membranes. Integral and peripheral. Irregularly distributed throughout the membrane and can move laterally, for this reason membrane is mosaic. Certain proteins are unique to membrane |
| cholesterol | found in animal cells. Different effects depending on the temperature. At human body temp, makes membranes less fluid by keeping phospholipids from moving. Spaces the phospholipids apart at low temp, maintaining fluidity of bilayer. |
| carbohydrates | function in cell recognition, cell signaling, and cell adhesion. If the carbohydrate is bonded to a protein, it is known as a glycoprotein and if it is bonded to a lipid, it is known as a glycolipid. |
| Fluid mosaic model | Fluid – the phospholipid bilayer is viscous and individual phospholipids can move position. Mosaic(not the same) – the phospholipid bilayer is embedded with proteins, resulting in a mosaic of components, because they can be different. |
| Osmosis (hypertonic, hypotonic, isotonic) | hypertonic - liquid has higher concen. water so cell grow hypotonic- liquid has lower concen. water so cell shrivels isotonic- same concentration, water does not move. osmosis- movement of water from lower concentration to higher. |
| simple diffusion | small unchanged molecules from an area of high concentration to low concentration. No help across energy. |
| facilitated diffusion | when molecule cannot directly diffuse across membrane. Passes through special protein channels. Ex. Carbohydrates, amino acids, and ions. |
| Active transport | passive- without energy. Move to less energy. Active0 moving things against concentration gradient through proteins. Extra and charge, action potential. Because sodium and potassium moving up. |
| Integral proteins | Integral proteins infiltrate the hydrophobic core of the phospholipids and can even span the distance of the lipid bilayer. Transport proteins, receptors, enzymes, and regulators of cell-to-cell recognition, cell connections, and attachment of cytoskelet. |
| peripheral protein | Peripheral proteins are loosely attached to the surface of the membrane. |
Created by:
Hao You
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