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AP 1 - Lecture 9

Anatomy & Positioning - Forearm and Elbow

QuestionAnswer
The bones that make up the forearm radius and ulna
where is the radius located in the true anatomical position? on the lateral (thumb) side of the forearm
where is the ulna located in the true anatomical position on the medial (5th finger) side of the forearm
the shortest of the two bones in the forearm is the? radius
what type of bone is the radius? long bone
at the distal end, it is the only bone of the forearm that helps form the wrist joint proper the radius
the base of the radius is located at which end? the distal end
s small pointed process on the base of the radius is called the? styloid process
the base of the radius forms the wrist joint proper withs its articulations with ______ and ______ scaphoid and lunate
on the base of the radius is a depression called the ______ ______ which articulates with the ______ of the ulna to form the ______ ______ ______ ulnar notch; head; distal radioulnar joint
the distal radioulnar joint is a ______ joint pivot
the distal radioulnar joint along with the proximal radioulnar joint, allows the hand to what? supinate and pronate
when pronating the hand, the radius turns medially and crosses over the ulna due to the ______ movements of the ______ joints pivotal; radioulnar
ascending from the shaft of the radius towards the proximal end, there is a roughened, raised area on the medial anterior surface called the ______ ______ radial tuberosity
the radial tuberosity is the attachment site for what? the biceps tendon
on the proximal end of the radius is a flat disc-like structure called the? radial head
just distal to the radial head, is a constricted area which is the? neck of the radius
in extension, the radial head articulates with the ______ of the distal humerus? capitellum
in flexion, the radial head articulates with a small fossa on the distal humerus called the? radial fossa
the head of the radius articulates with ______ ______ of ulna to form the proximal radioulnar joint radial notch
the longer medial bone of the forearm ulna
The head of the ulna is located on which end of the bone? the distal end
a small pointed process superior to the head is called the? styloid process of the ulna
The head of the ulna fits into what to form the distal radioulnar joint? ulnar notch of radius
the distal radioulnar joint is a _____ joint pivot
the shaft of the ulna expands as it ascends proximally into what two processes? Olecranon and coronoid processes
the olecranon process and the coronoid process are separated by a half moon shaped notch called? Semilunar or trochlear notch
the anterior beak like process on the proximal ulna is called the? coronoid process
in extension, the coronoid process articulates with the? trochlea of humerus
in flexion, the coronoid process articulates with ______ ______ of the distal humerus coronoid fossa
the posterior knob like process on the proximal ulna, the palpable tip of the elbow often referred to as the "funny bone" olecranon process
in extension, the olecranon process articulates with? olecranon fossa of the distal humerus
the olecranon process is separated from the coronoid process by the? semilunar or trochlear notch
the distal end of the humerus forms the elbow joint by its articulations with the? radius and ulna
the distal humerus consists of? -two condyles -two epicondyles -3 fossa
The two condyles of the distal humerus are the? capitellum and trochlea
a small, rounded process located on the lateral side of the humerus which articulates with the ______ of ______ in extension head of radius
a spool shaped structure which articulates with the half-moon shaped semilunar notch of ulna. these allow the elbow joint to ______ and ______ as a ______ joint trochlea; flex and extend; hinge
the smooth depressed center portion of the trochlea? trochlear sulcus or groove
what are the two epicondyles of the distals humerus? lateral and medial epicondyles
a small process above the capitellum on the lateral side of the distal humerus lateral epicondyle
a larger process above the trochlea on the medial side of the distal humerus which is also palpable medial epicondyle
what are the 3 fossa on the distal humerus? radial fossa, coronoid fossa, and olecranon fossa
what do the 3 fossa of the distal humerus accommodate? flexion and extension
a ditch or depression on the anterior surface of distal humerus above the trochlea coronoid fossa
accommodates the coronoid process of ulna in flexion coronoid fossa
a ditch or depression on the anterior surface of distal humerus above the capitellum radial fossa
accommodates the head of radius in flexion radial fossa
a deep ditch on the posterior surface of the distal humerus olecranon fossa
articulates with the olecranon process of ulna in extension olecranon fossa
the elbow joint is what 3 joints enclosed in one articular capsule? humeroulnar joint, humeroradial joint, proximal radioulnar joint
what are the joint classifications of the following joints: -humeroulnar joint: -humeroradial joint: -0proximal radioulnar joint: humeroulnar: hinge humeroradial: hinge proximal radioulnar: pivot
the articular capsule of the elbow joint is lined with a synovial fluid which does what for the joint? lubrication of the joint
what are the 3 ligaments which hold the elbow joint in place? ulnar collateral, radial collateral, and annular ligament
soft tissue structure of the elbow joint that attaches to the brachialis muscle and to the radial tuberosity allowing the flexion of the forearm at the elbow joint biceps tendon
soft tissue structure of the elbow joint that attaches to the olecranon process of the ulna to extend the forearm at the elbow joint triceps muscle
soft tissue structure of the elbow that is located over the olecranon process and humeroradial joint, between the head of the radius and capitellum of the humerus bursae
if bursae is inflamed, what occurs? bursitis or "tennis elbow"
the three areas of fat associated with the elbow joint are referred to as? fat pads
fat pads become significant radiographically when what happens? when an elbow injury causes effusion and displaces the fat pads or alters their shape
the three fat pads of the elbow joint consist of the: 1. anterior fat pad 2. posterior fat pad 3. supinator fat pad
the fat pads are only visible on a? 90 degree lateral projection
the anterior fat pad is located within the? coronoid fossa above the trochlea of the humerus
how is the anterior fat pad seen in a 90 degree lateral? a slightly radiolucent teardrop shape anterior to the distal humerus
what can cause the anterior fat pad to be elevated and more visible and distorted in shape? trauma or an infection
the fat pad that covers the largest area, lying within the olecranon fossa of the humerus? the posterior fat pad
normally the posterior fat pad is not visible on a negative elbow image, if it is visualized on a 90 degree lateral, it indicates what? an injury within the joint has caused its position to change, suggesting the presence of joint pathology
the fat pad that lies within the radial fossa above the capitellum of the distal humerus? the supinator fat pad
how does the supinator fat pad appear radiographically? a long thin strip just anterior to the proximal radius
if a supinator fat pad is visualized on a 90 degree lateral, what does it indicate? a fracture of the radial head or neck
the olecranon process of ulna articulates with what when the elbow joint is in extension? the olecranon fossa of humerus
the coronoid process of ulna articulates with what when the elbow joint is in extension? trochlea of the humerus
the radial head articulates with what when the elbow joint is in extension? capitellum or capitulum of the humerus
the coronoid process of ulna articulates with what when the elbow joint is in flexion? coronoid fossa of humerus
the radial head articulates with what when the elbow joint is in flexion? radial fossa of the humerus
what are the routine projections of the forearm? AP and Lateral (when performing long bones - include both joints (articular extremities) on the image)
The AP Projection is performed with the hand supinated to avoid what? radial crossover of the ulna
when the hand is pronated, the ______ crosses over the ______ medially radius; ulna
SID for a routine projection of the forearm 40 inches to the tabletop
manual exposure factors for a routine projection of the forearm (kVp and mAs)? 50-60 kV; 4 mAs
if a joint is clipped on the images doing a routine projection of the forearm what would you perform? a cone-down projection on a 10x12 image receptor of the joint excluded from the first exposure (always include the joint nearest the injury on the longest image receptor)
when doing a routine projection of the forearm, the patient should drop the affected shoulder for what reason when seated at the side or end of the x-ray table arm and hand fully extended? to place the entire extremity on the same horizontal plane
when doing routine AP and lateral projections of the forearm, the central ray is directed where? perpendicular to the midshafts of the forearm, ensuring both wrist and elbow joints are included on the image receptor
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