Anatomy & Positioning - Forearm and Elbow
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| The bones that make up the forearm | radius and ulna
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| where is the radius located in the true anatomical position? | on the lateral (thumb) side of the forearm
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| where is the ulna located in the true anatomical position | on the medial (5th finger) side of the forearm
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| the shortest of the two bones in the forearm is the? | radius
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| what type of bone is the radius? | long bone
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| at the distal end, it is the only bone of the forearm that helps form the wrist joint proper | the radius
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| the base of the radius is located at which end? | the distal end
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| s small pointed process on the base of the radius is called the? | styloid process
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| the base of the radius forms the wrist joint proper withs its articulations with ______ and ______ | scaphoid and lunate
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| on the base of the radius is a depression called the ______ ______ which articulates with the ______ of the ulna to form the ______ ______ ______ | ulnar notch; head; distal radioulnar joint
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| the distal radioulnar joint is a ______ joint | pivot
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| the distal radioulnar joint along with the proximal radioulnar joint, allows the hand to what? | supinate and pronate
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| when pronating the hand, the radius turns medially and crosses over the ulna due to the ______ movements of the ______ joints | pivotal; radioulnar
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| ascending from the shaft of the radius towards the proximal end, there is a roughened, raised area on the medial anterior surface called the ______ ______ | radial tuberosity
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| the radial tuberosity is the attachment site for what? | the biceps tendon
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| on the proximal end of the radius is a flat disc-like structure called the? | radial head
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| just distal to the radial head, is a constricted area which is the? | neck of the radius
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| in extension, the radial head articulates with the ______ of the distal humerus? | capitellum
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| in flexion, the radial head articulates with a small fossa on the distal humerus called the? | radial fossa
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| the head of the radius articulates with ______ ______ of ulna to form the proximal radioulnar joint | radial notch
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| the longer medial bone of the forearm | ulna
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| The head of the ulna is located on which end of the bone? | the distal end
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| a small pointed process superior to the head is called the? | styloid process of the ulna
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| The head of the ulna fits into what to form the distal radioulnar joint? | ulnar notch of radius
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| the distal radioulnar joint is a _____ joint | pivot
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| the shaft of the ulna expands as it ascends proximally into what two processes? | Olecranon and coronoid processes
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| the olecranon process and the coronoid process are separated by a half moon shaped notch called? | Semilunar or trochlear notch
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| the anterior beak like process on the proximal ulna is called the? | coronoid process
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| in extension, the coronoid process articulates with the? | trochlea of humerus
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| in flexion, the coronoid process articulates with ______ ______ of the distal humerus | coronoid fossa
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| the posterior knob like process on the proximal ulna, the palpable tip of the elbow often referred to as the "funny bone" | olecranon process
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| in extension, the olecranon process articulates with? | olecranon fossa of the distal humerus
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| the olecranon process is separated from the coronoid process by the? | semilunar or trochlear notch
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| the distal end of the humerus forms the elbow joint by its articulations with the? | radius and ulna
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| the distal humerus consists of? | -two condyles
-two epicondyles
-3 fossa
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| The two condyles of the distal humerus are the? | capitellum and trochlea
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| a small, rounded process located on the lateral side of the humerus which articulates with the ______ of ______ in extension | head of radius
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| a spool shaped structure which articulates with the half-moon shaped semilunar notch of ulna. these allow the elbow joint to ______ and ______ as a ______ joint | trochlea; flex and extend; hinge
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| the smooth depressed center portion of the trochlea? | trochlear sulcus or groove
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| what are the two epicondyles of the distals humerus? | lateral and medial epicondyles
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| a small process above the capitellum on the lateral side of the distal humerus | lateral epicondyle
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| a larger process above the trochlea on the medial side of the distal humerus which is also palpable | medial epicondyle
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| what are the 3 fossa on the distal humerus? | radial fossa, coronoid fossa, and olecranon fossa
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| what do the 3 fossa of the distal humerus accommodate? | flexion and extension
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| a ditch or depression on the anterior surface of distal humerus above the trochlea | coronoid fossa
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| accommodates the coronoid process of ulna in flexion | coronoid fossa
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| a ditch or depression on the anterior surface of distal humerus above the capitellum | radial fossa
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| accommodates the head of radius in flexion | radial fossa
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| a deep ditch on the posterior surface of the distal humerus | olecranon fossa
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| articulates with the olecranon process of ulna in extension | olecranon fossa
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| the elbow joint is what 3 joints enclosed in one articular capsule? | humeroulnar joint, humeroradial joint, proximal radioulnar joint
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| what are the joint classifications of the following joints: -humeroulnar joint: -humeroradial joint: -0proximal radioulnar joint: | humeroulnar: hinge
humeroradial: hinge
proximal radioulnar: pivot
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| the articular capsule of the elbow joint is lined with a synovial fluid which does what for the joint? | lubrication of the joint
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| what are the 3 ligaments which hold the elbow joint in place? | ulnar collateral, radial collateral, and annular ligament
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| soft tissue structure of the elbow joint that attaches to the brachialis muscle and to the radial tuberosity allowing the flexion of the forearm at the elbow joint | biceps tendon
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| soft tissue structure of the elbow joint that attaches to the olecranon process of the ulna to extend the forearm at the elbow joint | triceps muscle
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| soft tissue structure of the elbow that is located over the olecranon process and humeroradial joint, between the head of the radius and capitellum of the humerus | bursae
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| if bursae is inflamed, what occurs? | bursitis or "tennis elbow"
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| the three areas of fat associated with the elbow joint are referred to as? | fat pads
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| fat pads become significant radiographically when what happens? | when an elbow injury causes effusion and displaces the fat pads or alters their shape
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| the three fat pads of the elbow joint consist of the: | 1. anterior fat pad
2. posterior fat pad
3. supinator fat pad
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| the fat pads are only visible on a? | 90 degree lateral projection
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| the anterior fat pad is located within the? | coronoid fossa above the trochlea of the humerus
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| how is the anterior fat pad seen in a 90 degree lateral? | a slightly radiolucent teardrop shape anterior to the distal humerus
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| what can cause the anterior fat pad to be elevated and more visible and distorted in shape? | trauma or an infection
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| the fat pad that covers the largest area, lying within the olecranon fossa of the humerus? | the posterior fat pad
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| normally the posterior fat pad is not visible on a negative elbow image, if it is visualized on a 90 degree lateral, it indicates what? | an injury within the joint has caused its position to change, suggesting the presence of joint pathology
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| the fat pad that lies within the radial fossa above the capitellum of the distal humerus? | the supinator fat pad
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| how does the supinator fat pad appear radiographically? | a long thin strip just anterior to the proximal radius
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| if a supinator fat pad is visualized on a 90 degree lateral, what does it indicate? | a fracture of the radial head or neck
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| the olecranon process of ulna articulates with what when the elbow joint is in extension? | the olecranon fossa of humerus
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| the coronoid process of ulna articulates with what when the elbow joint is in extension? | trochlea of the humerus
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| the radial head articulates with what when the elbow joint is in extension? | capitellum or capitulum of the humerus
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| the coronoid process of ulna articulates with what when the elbow joint is in flexion? | coronoid fossa of humerus
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| the radial head articulates with what when the elbow joint is in flexion? | radial fossa of the humerus
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| what are the routine projections of the forearm? | AP and Lateral (when performing long bones - include both joints (articular extremities) on the image)
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| The AP Projection is performed with the hand supinated to avoid what? | radial crossover of the ulna
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| when the hand is pronated, the ______ crosses over the ______ medially | radius; ulna
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| SID for a routine projection of the forearm | 40 inches to the tabletop
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| manual exposure factors for a routine projection of the forearm (kVp and mAs)? | 50-60 kV; 4 mAs
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| if a joint is clipped on the images doing a routine projection of the forearm what would you perform? | a cone-down projection on a 10x12 image receptor of the joint excluded from the first exposure (always include the joint nearest the injury on the longest image receptor)
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| when doing a routine projection of the forearm, the patient should drop the affected shoulder for what reason when seated at the side or end of the x-ray table arm and hand fully extended? | to place the entire extremity on the same horizontal plane
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| when doing routine AP and lateral projections of the forearm, the central ray is directed where? | perpendicular to the midshafts of the forearm, ensuring both wrist and elbow joints are included on the image receptor
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