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HDP 301 GI Tract
GI Tract Diseases
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| GERD | Inflammation of the esophageal pathway |
| Causes for GERD: Incomplete esophageal spinchter | 1. incomplete lower esophageal spinchter - not enough pressure to prevent reguritation -often in obese and pregnant persons |
| Causes for GERD: hiatus hernia | Opening is expanded or weakened, causing stomach to pass through. Stomach acid causes injury + inflammation Type 1: sliding- upper stomach can protrude into thoracic cavity Type 2:Rolling- segment of stomach can squeeze thru, acid can move in and out |
| Causes for GERD: decrease in esophageal peristalsis | No food is being delivered - regurgitation can occur |
| Causes for GERD | 4. poor salivary production 5. delayd stomach emptying |
| Signs + symptoms of GERD | heart burn, can occur 30-60 mins post meal, worse with flexed waste, late pregnancy stages, rule out heart and respiratory issues |
| Chronic esophagitis - Barret's esophagus: | chronic exposure to acids in stomach = lowered pH = cell adaptation = metaplasia o Increased risk for cancer |
| Chronic esophagitis Treatment | eat frequently but smaller portions, sit upright while eating, antacids – reduces pH, avoid foods that can inhibit lower esophageal sphincter (weaken it) – alcohol, caffeine, lipid based foods |
| Peptic Ulcer Disease: cell types | 1. Gastric Cell - gastrin, histamine 2. Chief Cells - produce pepsinogen --> pepsin 3. Parital Cell - produces HCL -> activates pepsinogen to become pepsin -> breaks peptide bond 4. Mucosal cell - produces mucous to utilize B12. protects mucosa of tumm |
| Peptic Ulcer disease risk factors | 1. large protein and lipid intake 2. alcohol 3. smoking 4. stress 5. chronic NSAID usage |
| PEPTIC ULCER MANIFESTATIONS | 1. pain - burning, gnawing 2. haemorrhaging - stool (dark and tarry) 3. obstruction - swelling may promote spasm + scar tissue which can inhibit stomach emptying = vomiting 4. perforation - peritonitis -> sepsis -> life threatening |
| peptic ulcer disease in short | imbalance between mucous and acid : either too much acid or too little mucous --> acid will inhibit mucosal cells --> ulcer usually located in gastric duodenal |
| peptic ulcer treatment | no smoking, no more drinking, surgery: gastric resection - can lead to B12 deficiency, and dumping syndrome |
| dumping sundrome | large vol of food that is not digested but still goes into small intestine --> hyperosmolar chyme --> fluid shift --> hypovolemia |
| gastro enteritis | inflammation in stomach or intestine with primary ethology being infectious agents upper = nausea , lower = diarrhea |
| Gastro Enteritis Risk Factors | antibiotic use, immunocompromised, very old or very young |
| diverticular diseases | 1.diverticulosis: conditions with weakening of walls along colon -asymptomatic, low fibre diets, 60+ years old 2.diverticulitis: herniates become inflamed, fever, lower abdominal pain, diarrhea or constipation - can be treated w/ antibiotics or therapy |
| chrohns disease | -inflammation and injury through all 4 layers of intestinal wall -Idiopathic, most likely due to diet - lymphoid tissues are blocked + scarred -> fissures -> granulomas |
| chrohns disease signs and symptoms | weight loss, cramping, abdominal pain, red blood in stool, diarrhea |
| chrohns disease treatment | symptomatic - corticosteroids (short-term) no cure |
| chrohns disease risk factors | smoking, alcohol, refined fructose (sugar), western diet |
| cholelithiasis (gall bladder stones): risk factors | 4 F's : fat, female, fertile, forty = middle aged, female, on birth control, obesity |
| cholelithiasis (gall bladder stones): diagnosis | ultrasound usually asymptomatic unless big |
| cholelithiasis (gall bladder stones): chronic | recurrent blocks, often undiagnosed because pts ignore it since its short-term lots of pain, nausea, vomiting, sweating |
| Acute cholecystitis (inflammation of gallbladder) | recurrent can = blockage, risk with blockage = perforation (hole) -> bacterial infection, diagnosis: ultrasound, location: upper left quadrant pain |
| Acute pancreatitis (minutes to hours): backing up of enzymes -> enzymes digest pancreas | left upper quadrant pain, elevated enzymes - amylases and lipase, CAT scan: abscesses, cysts, swelling of tissues , issues: catabolism - enzymes digest pancreas vs. food -> nutrition imbalance -> tissue death, kidney and respiratory issues -> life threat |
| chronic pancreatitis (weeks to months) : abuses pathways to small intestine | chronic alcohol intake, chronic hypercalcemia, idiopathic necrosis of pancreatic tissue leading to scarring, calcification, and obstruction |
Created by:
keykeybaby
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