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Vocab Ch. 3
Honors Biology Ch.3 Vocab
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| alpha (a) helix | a common motif in the secondary structure of proteins and is a right hand-helix conformation |
| amino acid | An organic molecule possessing both a carboxyl and an amino group. Amino acids serve as the monomers of polypeptides. |
| antiparallel | Referring to the arrangement of the sugar-phosphate backbones in a DNA double helix (they run in opposite 5' to 3' directions). |
| beta (b) pleated sheet | A secondary structure motif of peptides and proteins, characterized by two or more amino acid |
| carbohydrate | A sugar (monosaccharide) or one of its dimers (disaccharides) or polymers (polysaccharides). |
| catalyst | A chemical agent that selectively increases the rate of a reaction without being consumed by the reaction. |
| cellulose | A structural polysaccharide of plant cell walls, consisting of glucose monomers joined by β glycosidic linkages. |
| chitin | A structural polysaccharide, consisting of amino sugar monomers, found in many fungal cell walls and in the exoskeletons of all arthropods. |
| cholesterol | A steroid that forms an essential component of animal cell membranes and acts as a precursor molecule for the synthesis of other biologically important steroids, such as many hormones. |
| dehydration reaction | A chemical reaction in which two molecules become covalently bonded to each other with the removal of a water molecule. |
| denaturation | In proteins, a process in which a protein loses its native shape due to the disruption of weak chemical bonds and interactions, thereby becoming biologically inactive; in DNA, the separation of the two strands of the double helix. |
| Deoxyribonucleic acid | A nucleic acid molecule, usually a double-stranded helix, in which each polynucleotide strand consists of nucleotide monomers with a deoxyribose sugar and the nitrogenous bases |
| Deoxyribose | The sugar component of DNA nucleotides, having one fewer hydroxyl group than ribose, the sugar component of RNA nucleotides. |
| Disaccharide | A double sugar, consisting of two monosaccharides joined by a glycosidic linkage formed by a dehydration reaction. |
| Disulfide bridge | covalent links between the Sulphur atoms of two cysteine amino acids |
| double helix | The form of native DNA, referring to its two adjacent antiparallel polynucleotide strands wound around an imaginary axis into a spiral shape. |
| enzyme | A macromolecule serving as a catalyst, a chemical agent that increases the rate of a reaction without being consumed by the reaction. Most enzymes are proteins. |
| fat | A lipid consisting of three fatty acids linked to one glycerol molecule; also called a triacylglycerol or triglyceride. |
| fatty acid | A carboxylic acid with a long carbon chain. |
| gene | A discrete unit of hereditary information consisting of a specific nucleotide sequence in DNA (or RNA, in some viruses). |
| glycogen | An extensively branched glucose storage polysaccharide found in the liver and muscle of animals; the animal equivalent of starch. |
| Glycosidic linkage | A covalent bond formed between two monosaccharides by a dehydration reaction. |
| hydrolysis | A chemical reaction that breaks bonds between two molecules by the addition of water; functions in disassembly of polymers to monomers. |
| hydrophobic interaction | describe the relations between water and hydrophobes (low water-soluble molecules) |
| lipid | Any of a group of large biological molecules, including fats, phospholipids, and steroids, that mix poorly, if at all, with water. |
| macromolecule | A giant molecule formed by the joining of smaller molecules, usually by a dehydration reaction. |
| monomer | The subunit that serves as the building block of a polymer. |
| monosaccharide | The simplest carbohydrate, active alone or serving as a monomer for disaccharides and polysaccharides |
| nucleic acid | A polymer (polynucleotide) consisting of many nucleotide monomers; serves as a blueprint for proteins and, through the actions of proteins, for all cellular activities. The two types are DNA and RNA. |
| nucleotide | The building block of a nucleic acid, consisting of a five-carbon sugar covalently bonded to a nitrogenous base and one to three phosphate groups. |
| peptide bond | The covalent bond between the carboxyl group on one amino acid and the amino group on another, formed by a dehydration reaction. |
| phospholipid | A lipid made up of glycerol joined to two fatty acids and a phosphate group |
| polymer | A long molecule consisting of many similar or identical monomers linked together by covalent bonds. |
| polynucleotide | A polymer consisting of many nucleotide monomers in a chain. The nucleotides can be those of DNA or RNA |
| polypeptide | A polymer of many amino acids linked together by peptide bonds |
| polysaccharide | A polymer of many monosaccharides, formed by dehydration reactions |
| primary structure | the sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide chain |
| protein | A biologically functional molecule consisting of one or more polypeptides folded and coiled into a specific three-dimensional structure |
| purine | One of two types of nitrogenous bases found in nucleotides, characterized by a six-membered ring fused to a five-membered ring |
| pyrimidine | One of two types of nitrogenous bases found in nucleotides, characterized by a six-membered ring. |
| quaternary structure | the association of several protein chains or subunits into a closely packed arrangement |
| Ribonucleic acid | A type of nucleic acid consisting of a polynucleotide made up of nucleotide monomers with a ribose sugar and the nitrogenous bases |
| Ribose | The sugar component of RNA nucleotides. |
| saturated fatty acid | A fatty acid in which all carbons in the hydrocarbon tail are connected by single bonds, thus maximizing the number of hydrogen atoms attached to the carbon skeleton. |
| secondary structure | regular, recurring arrangements in space of adjacent amino acid residues in a polypeptide chain; alpha helix and beta pleated sheet |
| starch | A storage polysaccharide in plants, consisting entirely of glucose monomers joined by glycosidic linkages. |
| steroid | A type of lipid characterized by a carbon skeleton consisting of four fused rings with various chemical groups attached |
| tertiary structure | the structure at which polypeptide chains become functional |
| triacylglycerol | a fat; a lipid consisting of three fatty acids linked to one glycerol molecule |
| Unsaturated fatty acid | A fatty acid that has one or more double bonds between carbons in the hydrocarbon tail. Such bonding reduces the number of hydrogen atoms attached to the carbon skeleton. |
| x-ray crystallography | A technique used to study the three-dimensional structure of molecules. It depends on the diffraction of an X-ray beam by the individual atoms of a crystallized molecule. |
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