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Biology test #2
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What does mean for something to be emergent? | To have properties that are not present in their components. A characteristic that only appears when minor parts are assembled |
| What are the six main characteristics of water (6)? | (1) Good Solvent, (2) Strong Cohesion, (3) High Surface tension, (4) Large Heat Capacity, (5) Low density as a solid, (6) Polar |
| What does it mean to be a universal solvent? | When placed in water, ionic compounds are broken down into individual ions because the positives are attracted to the negative side of water and vice versa |
| What is water cohesiveness? | Because of this property in water, water becomes easily transportable in vertical situations |
| How would you describe water's surface tension? | V-shaped water molecules are held together hydrogen bonds that are just strong enough to give water this net-like property |
| What does it mean to have a high specific heat capacity? | When energy hits these bonds, it breaks the bonds rather heat them up |
| Why does water have a lower density when frozen? | Hydrogen bonding arranges them into a lattice which keeps them further apart |
| What is in the makeup of carbon? | Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen |
| What is a monosaccharide? | The monomer of a carbohydrate |
| What are the four important elements in your body? | Oxygen, Carbon, Hydrogen, Nitrogen |
| Water has both negative and positive charges, making it _______? | Polar |
| What is an element? | Substances that cannot be broken down chemically into any other substance |
| What is an atom? | a bit of matter that is the basic unit of a chemical molecule |
| What is the basic atomic structure formula? | Nucleus = Protons and Neutrons |
| What is a nucleus? | The center of the atom that is composed of protons (except hydrogen) |
| What does the atomic number represent? | The number of protons found in the atom's nucleus |
| What is an element's symbol? | Abbreviation of the element's name |
| What is atomic mass? | Combined mass of the atom's protons and neutrons |
| What is an isotope? | Atoms with the same atomic number but different atomic mass |
| What is bonding at an atomic level? | Links that holds atoms together. The type depends on the atoms involved. |
| What are molecules? | groups of atoms held together by bonds |
| What is an electron? | negatively charged particle that determine whether and how an atom bonds with other atoms |
| What are the electron capacities? | 2-8-8 |
| What is bond energy? | The amount of energy needed to break a bond and dependent on the atoms involved |
| What is the purpose of chemical reactions? | For organisms to use and store energy. Involves the forming and breaking of chemical bonds |
| What are covalent bonds? | Atoms that share electrons and the bond is strongest. Forms molecules |
| What are ionic bonds? | When one atom transfers its electrons to another and the two oppositely charged ions. Forms compounds |
| What are hydrogen bonds? | Involves the attraction between a hydrogen atom and another atom |
| What are the elements in carbohydrates (3)? | Carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen |
| What is the monomer of carbohydrates? | Monosaccharide |
| What is the function of carbohydrates? | To store energy and when broken down to release it |
| What are carbohydrates stored as? | Glycogen and later converted to fat |
| What is hydrolysis? | The breakdown of macromolecules via the addition of water |
| What are the functional groups in carbohydrates (2)? | (1) Carbonyl and (2) Hydroxyl |
| What is an example of a carbohydrate? | Bread, Potatoes, Noodles |
| What are the elements in proteins (4)? | Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen |
| What is the monomer of a protein? | Amino Acid |
| How many amino acids are there? | 20 |
| What are the functions of proteins (3)? | (1) regulation of cell activity, (2) contraction of muscles, (3) transportation |
| What are the functional groups in proteins (3)? | (1) Amino, (2) Carboxyl, and sometimes (3) sulfhydryl |
| What is an enzyme? | Molecules that breakdown and catalyze chemical reactions |
| What are the elements in nucleic acids? | (1) Carbon, (2) hydrogen, (3) oxygen, (4) nitrogen and sometimes (5) phosphorus (RNA) |
| What are examples of nucleic acids? | DNA & RNA |
| What is the monomer of a nucleic acid? | Nucleotide |
| What are the nitrogenous bases in DNA (4)? | Adenine (A), Thymine (T), Guanine (G), and Cytosine (C) |
| What are the DNA base pairings? | A with T, C with G |
| What are the RNA base pairings? | A with U, C with G |
| What is DNA? | Nucleic acids that are shaped like a ladder with long, vertical sides of the ladder are a sequence of sugar and phosphorus molecules |
| What is RNA? | Acts as a middleman molecule. It takes instructions for production of a protein from DNA, moves them to another part of the cell, and directs the building of a protein |
| What are the differences between RNA and DNA (3)? | (1) RNA backbone contains extra oxygen, (2) RNA uses Uracil instead of Thymine, (3) number of sugar phosphate backbones |
| What is deoxyribose? | 5-carbon sugar in DNA |
| What is ribose? | 5-carbon sugar in RNA |
| What are the three types of lipids? | (1) Fats, (2) Sterolds, (3) Phospholipids |
| What are the characteristics of lipids (4)? | (1) made up of hydrocarbon chains, (2) hydrophobic, (3) greasy to touch, (4) store energy |
| What are the elements in lipids (3)? | Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen |
| What is the function of fats? | Long-term energy storage and insulation |
| What is the function of sterols? | regulate growth and development |
| What is the function of phospholipids? | Form cellular membranes |
| What is the difference between saturated and unsaturated fats? | Unsaturated fats have a bend in their structure due to a double carbon bond |
| What is dehydration? | creates macromolecules by adding water |
| What is hydrogenation? | The artificial addition of hydrogen atoms to unsaturated fats to make the fat more saturated |
| What is the nucleus? | Directs cellular activity and stores hereditary information |
| What is the cytoskeleton? | Provides structural shape and support and enables cellular movement |
| What is the mitochondria? | Harvests energy for cellular functions |
| What is a lysosome? | Digests and recycles waste and consumed materials |
| What is the rough endoplasmic reticulum? | Modifies proteins that will be shipped elsewhere in the organism |
| What is the smooth endoplasmic reticulum? | Synthesizes lipids and detoxifies molecules |
| What is the golgi apparatus? | Processes and packages proteins, lipids and other molecules |
| What is the cell wall? | Provides structural strength and increased protection from water loss (only in plants) |
| What is the vacuole? | Stores nutrients, degrades waste products, provides pigments, and structural support (mostly in plants) |
| What are chloroplasts? | Performs photosynthesis |
| What are the structural components of a nucleus? | (1) Nuclear membrane, (2) Chromatin, (3) Nucleolus |
| What is a cilia? | Short projections that move fluid and along past a cell |
| What is a flagella? | Long, microtubule-based structures that move cells through their environment |
| Which fats are solid at room temperature? | Saturated fats |
| What is a prokaryote? | single-celled organism that has neither a distinct nucleus with a membrane nor other specialized organelles (bacteria) |
| What is a eukaryote? | Any cell or organism that has a clearly defined nucleus (humans, plants, etc) |
| What are the differences between a prokaryote and eukaryote (3)? | 1) There is no nucleus in prokaryotes, (2) DNA is contained in the cytoplasm of prokaryotes, (3) Prokaryotes are much larger |
| What is unique about the way food labels identify trans fats? | If a product has 0-0.49 grams of transfat per serving they can label it as 0 grams of trans fat |
| What is cell theory? | All living organisms are made up of one or more cells. All cells arise from other preexisting cells |
| What is cytology? | The study of cells |
| What are the two elements of the phospholipid bilayer? | Hydrophilic head and hydrophobic tai |
| What is a hydrophilic tail? | Polar, attracted to water, composed of glycerol and linked to phosphorus |
| What is a hydrophobic tail? | Nonpolar, composed of carbon-hydrogen chains |
| What is passive transport? | The spontaneous diffusion of molecules across a membrane, no energy input |
| What is active transport? | requires ATP energy input, against concentration gradient |
| What is osmosis? | Passive transport of water to equalize solution |
| What is an isotonic solution? | Solute concentrations are balanced, as is water movement |
| What is a hypotonic solution? | Solute concentrations is lower. Water moves into cell and expands |
| What is a hypertonic solution? | Solute concentrations are high. Water moves out of cell and shrink |
| What is a pluripotent stem cell? | Can make all types of cells of specializes cells in the body. Embryonic cells |
| What is a multipotent stem cell? | Can make many types but not all types of cells. Tissue cells throughout life |
| What is an induced pluripotent stem cell? | Tissue cells that have been reprogrammed into embryonic-esque cells. Not natural |
| What is the endosymbiotic theory? | Eukaryotes evolved from independent bacteria that learned to live within other cells |
| Why are mitochondria and chloroplasts involved in the endosymbiotic theory? | They possess their own DNA and membrane |
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legitcow3
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