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Biology 112
Unit 2
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Disruptive/Diversifying Selection | Selection that favors two or more distinct phenotypes |
| Stabilizing Selection | Selection that favors average phenotypes |
| Directional Selection | Selection that favors phenotypes at one end of the spectrum |
| Parasitoid | small insects whose immature stages develop either within or attached to the outside of other insects; kills the host |
| Symbiosis | Is any type of a close and long - term biological interaction between two different biological organisms |
| The "Isms" (1) | Mutualism (++)(positive) |
| The "Isms" (2) | Commensalism (+-)(not affected) |
| The "Isms" (3) | Parasitism (--)(negatively affected) |
| Drivers of Diversification (1) | Environmental |
| Drivers of Diversification (2) | Genetic |
| Drivers of Diversification (3) | Organismal |
| Genetic code | Refers to the instructions contained in a game that tells a cell how to make a specific protein |
| DNA Bases | A, T, C, G |
| A single - nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) | A germline substitution of a single nucleotide at a specific position in the genome |
| Apoptosis | A programmed cell death |
| Sources of new genes | Duplication |
| Polyploidy | The number of sets of chromosomes in a cell, or in the cells of an organisms |
| Allopatric Speciation | "geographic isolation" |
| Sympatric Speciation | "within the population" (same place) |
| Maintaining reproductive isolation in sympatry (1) | Temporal Isolation |
| Maintaining reproductive isolation in sympatry (2) | Habitat Isolation |
| Maintaining reproductive isolation in sympatry (3) | Behavioral Isolation |
| Maintaining reproductive isolation in sympatry (4) | Prezygotic Isolation |
| Maintaining reproductive isolation in sympatry (5) | Postzygotic Barriers |
| Postzygotic Barriers | Hybrid Sterility, and Zygote failure |
| Temporal Isolation | Time |
| Habitat Isolation | Habitat |
| Behavioral Isolation | Behavior |
| Prezygotic Isolation | Genetic Barriers |
| Which form of selection is most likely to result in speciation? | Diversifying |
| A mule is a sterile hybrid born to a female horse that mated with a male donkey. Mule sterility is an example of... | Postzygotic Barriers |
| Species | Groups of interbreeding natural populations that are reproductively isolated groups |
| Epi Genetics | The study of heritable phenotype changes that do not involve altercations in the DNA sequence |
| Gene expressions | The process of turning on a gene to produce RNA and protein |
| Transcription | The process of making an RNA copy of a gene's DNA sequence |
| Transcription factors | Proteins involved in the process of converting or transcribing DNA to RNA; initiate and regulate the transcriptions of genes |
| "Closed" DNA | Transcription cannot occur |
| "Open" DNA | Transcription factors bind and include gene expression |
| How do prokaryotes reproduce? | Asexually |
| Many Eukaryotes reproduce... | Asexually and Sexually |
| Plasmid | A circular loop of DNA; Small extrachromosomal DNA molecule |
| Vertical Transmission | During replication |
| Horizontal Transmission | Same generation |
| Conjugation | To come together; joined together |
| Pilus | Surface appendage of some prokaryotes used for attachments |
| Conjugation (2) | Horizontal gene transfer |
| Stomata | A mouth |
| Auxin | A plant hormone which causes the elongation of cells in shoots and is involved in regulating plant growth |
| Cytokinin | Promote cell division in roots and shoots; a class of plant growth substances |
| Opines | Used by bacteria for energy, carbon, and nitrogen; low molecular weight compounds found in plants crown gall tumors or hairy root tumors |
| Horizontal Gene Transfer | Transformation |
| Transformation | Competent Bacteria |
| They possess highly specialized machinery, recipient bacteria must be in a state of competence | Competent Bacteria |
| Bacteriophage ("Phage") | Virus that effects the bacteria |
| They put DNA into cells | Bacteriophage |
| Transduction | Lytic cycle, Lysogenetic cycle |
| Lyt | that which maybe loosed |
| Lys | Loose; a loosening |
| Plasmid | A small extrachromosomal DNA molecule within a cell that is physically separated from chromosomal DNA and can replicate independently |
| Robert Brown | Brownian Motion |
| Brownian Motion | The erratic random movement |
| Oligotrophic | Few; low activity |
| Mesotrophic | The middle |
| Eutrophic | Good; well; higher activity |
| Capsid | Protein coating of the viral core |
| Prion | A infectious partical |
| Most scholars agree that... | Viruses don't have a single common ancestor |
| Enzyme | Lowers activation energy |
| DNA virus | Enters the host as DNA and goes for the DNA; DNA to DNA |
| RNA virus | Contains RNA, needs to connect to the RNA; RNA to RNA |
| RNA retro-virus | Enters as RNA and goes to the DNA; RNA to DNA |
| Endocytosis | A type of active transport that moves particles, like large particles, parts of cells, or even whole cells, into the cell |
| Ase* ending | Means Enzymes |
| Virion | Individual virus particle outside a host cell |
| Gift-Wrapping | Looking like or acting like something the cell needs |
| Phag | Eat |
| Pino | Drink |
| -osis, -sis | Suffix indicating condition, status, process, whether, normal or diseased |
| Acanthamoeba | An amoeba |
| Virophage | Phage on a virus |
| Mimi virus | First giant virus found |
| Peptides | Short chain of amino acids linked by peptide bonds |
| Oligopeptides | Chains fewer than twenty amino acids |
| Gene duplication | Provides crude genetic material for the evolution of many, if not most new genes |
| Macromutation | A mutation of large phenotypic effect; one that produces a phenotype well outside the range of previously existing in the population |
| Epigenetics | The study of heritable phenotype changes that do not involve altercations in the DNA sequence |
| Epi (in epigenetics) | "On top of" or "in addition to" |
| Enzymes (2) | Proteins that use chemical reactions to modify DNA and other proteins |
| Epigenome | Responsible for switching out ingredients without changing your genetic code |
| "The two fold cost of men" | The growth rate of the sexual population is thus predicted to be half that of the asexual population |
| Lysis | The bursting of a cell |
| Introgression/Introgressive Hybridization | The movement of a gene (gene flow) from one species into the gene pool of another by the repeated backcrossing of an interspecific hybrids with one of its parent species |
| Hyperploidy | A state in which cells contain one or more extra chromosomes |
| Bacterial Conjugation | The transfer of genetic material between bacterial cells by direct cell-to-cell contact or by a bridge-like connection between cells |
| Relaxosome | The complex of proteins that facilitates plasmid transfer during bacterial conjunction |
| Transformation (2) | The genetic alteration of a cell resulting from the direct uptake and incorporation if exogenous genetic material from its surroundings through the cell membrane |
| Lysogenetic cycle | Type of virus replication in which the viral genome is incorporated into the genome of the host |
| Lytic cycle | Type of virus replication in which virions lysis, or bursting, of the cell |
Created by:
aturner104
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