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Microbiology
Exam 01 - Macromolecules
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What are the 4 major macromolecules? | 1. Carbohydrates 2. Lipids 3. Proteins 4. Nucleic acid |
| How do you recognize a carbohydrate? | C(arbon), H(ydrogen), and O(xygen) are in a 1:2:1 ratio |
| What are functions of carbohydrates? | 1. energy sources 2. energy storage 3. parts of larger molecules |
| What are the diff types of carbohydrates? | 1. monosaccharides 2. disaccharides 3. oligosaccharides 4. polysaccharides |
| What is disaccharides use for? | energy source & storage |
| What is an example of a polysaccharide? | 1. Starch 2. cellulose 3. chitin What is starch use for? |
| How is starch broken down? | by amylase |
| What is cellulose? | 1. most structured polysaccharide (alternating bond linkage to make rigid and strong structures) |
| What is the function of cellulose? | energy storage & structure of molecules (ex: plant cell walls) |
| What is chitin? | a polysaccharide used for structure of molecules (ex: fungi cells walls, exoskeletons of shrimp & crab) |
| How are disaccharides formed? | By dehydration synthesis (removing a water to form glycosidic linkage between monosaccharides) |
| How are monosaccharides formed? | By hydrolysis (adding a water to remove the glycosidic linkage btween disaccharides) |
| Describe the characteristics of lipid | 1. do not mix well with water (hydrophobic) 2. can be saturated or unsaturated |
| What are saturated fats? | pack together more tightly, have a higher melting point typically solid |
| What are unsaturated fats? | contain one or more double bonds, are more bendable (which affect physical properties), have lower melting point, typically liquid |
| What are neutral fat/triglycerol? | 1. for energy source and structure for building membrane of phospholipids 2. contain glycerol backbone & 3 fatty acids that are bound together thru ester linkage (3 dehydration reactions) |
| What is a diglyceride? | 2 fatty acids |
| What is a monoglyceride? | 1 fatty acid |
| What is the function of a phospholipid? | for cellular membranes (along with proteins) |
| T/F bacterial membranes do not have that many saturated fatty acids, making their membranes more brittle | TRUE |
| What is the diff between bacterial membrane vs eukaryotic membrane | they do not contains sterols (which help to make the membrane more fluid) |
| What is a phopholipid composed of? | 2 fatty acids and a phosphate - 1. insoluble, non-polar hydrophobic tail 2. soluble polar hydrophilic head |
| What are proteins? | 1. function as enzymes and a source of structure 2. amino acids linked by dehydration reactions |
| Give examples of proteins | 1. Glycine (polar) 2. Alanine (non-polar) 3. Aspartic acid (acidic) 4. Lysine (basic) |
| How many types of amino acids are there? | 20 different types - can make up oligopeptides and polypeptides |
| What are the 4 levels of protein structure? | 1. primary 2. secondary 3. tertiary 4. quaternary |
| What is the primary protein structure? | sequence of amino acids in the protein that influences structure |
| What is the secondary protein structure? | helix & pleated sheet w/hydrogen bonding btw amino and carboxyl ends |
| What is the tertiary protein structure? | 3D-folding of helix & pleated sheet (the shape is integral to the function - includes hydrogen bonding, hydrophibc interactions with diff R groups, ionic bonds, and disulfide bridges) |
| What is a disulfide bridge? | interaction between two cysteine amino acids through covalent bonds to form looks |
| What is the quaternary protein structure? | 2 or more polypeptides in their folded states |
| How are proteins denatured? | by heat or extreme pH which causes proteins to lose their shapes |
| What part of bacteria is made up of proteins? | 1. flagella 2. pili 3. etc |
| What is a nucleic acid? | macromolecule composed of chains of monomeric nucleotides |
| What is the primary function of nucleic acids? | DNA & RNA - molecules that carry genetic information |
| What is a nucelic acid made up of? | 1. nitrogen base 2. sugar 3. phosphate |
| What is a nitrogen base? | 1. purines 2. pyrimidines |
| What are the purines? | "Double rings" 1. adenine 2. guanine |
| What are the pyrimidines? | "Single ring" 1. cytosine 2. thymine 3. uracil |
| What are the sugars in a nucleic acid? | 1. Deoxyribose 2. Ribose |
| T/F Ribose has an OH and Deoxyribose has only an H | TRUE |
| What is the backbone of a nucleotide? | Sugar & phosphate |
| What is a nucleotide? | Long chain of monomers (phosphate group + sugar + base) |
| What are the ribonucleotides in RNA? | 1. adenine 2. guanine 3. uracil 4. cytosine |
| What are the deoxyribonucleotides in DNA? | 1. adenine 2. guanine 3. thymine 4. cytosine |
| The purine adenine (A) pairs up with which pyrimidines? | Thymine (T) |
| The purine guanine (G) pairs up with which pyrimidines? | Cytosine (C) |
| What is a nucleoside? | Base + Sugar (BUT NO PHOSPHATE!) |
| What are amino acids use for? | energy source when carbohydrates run out (subunits of which proteins are built) |
| What is the 'n-terminal' | amino terminal end |
| What is the 'c-terminal' | carboxyl terminal end |
| What are the most common nucleic acids? | 1. deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) 2. ribonucleic acid (RNA) |
| Is DNA single or double stranded? | Double Stranded |
| Is RNA single or double stranded? | Single Stranded |
Created by:
lophung
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