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Sainila Atiifale
Ch 3
| major elements | oxygen carbon hydrogen nitrogen calcium phosphorus potassium sulfur sodium chlorine magnesium |
| oxygen | (O) 65 percent cellular respiration |
| carbon | (C) 18.5 percent backbone of organic matters |
| hydrogen | (H) 9.5 percent energy transfer and respiration |
| nitrogen | (N) 3.3 percent component of proteins and nucleic acids |
| calcium | (Ca) 1.5 % triggers muscle contraction and forms bones and teeth |
| phosphorus | (P) 1% backbone of nucleic acids, energy transfer |
| potassium | (K) .4% nerve function |
| sulfur | (S) .3% energy transferring enzymes |
| sodium | (Na) .2% important positive ion surrounding cell |
| chlorine | (Cl) .2% important negative ion surround cell |
| magnesium | (MG) .1% energy transferring enzyme |
| trace elements | silicon aluminum iron manganese fluorine vanadium chromium copper boron cobalt zinc selenium molybdenum tin iodine |
| silicon | (Si) .1% stabilize collage strands |
| aluminum | (Al) .1% uncertain |
| Iron | (Fe) .1% hemoglobin in blood |
| manganese | (Mn) .1% energy transferring enzymes |
| fluorine | (F) .1% hardens crystals that form teeth and bones |
| Vanadium | (V) .1% uncertain |
| Chromium | (Cr) .1% Alters insulin effects that regulate carbohydrate lipid and protein metabolism |
| copper | (Cu) .1% Key component of many enzymes |
| Boron | B() .1% brain and bone development |
| Cobalt | (CO) .1% component of Vitamin B12 |
| Zinc | (Zn) .1% Key component of enzymes |
| Selenium | (Se) .1% Antioxidant enzyme |
| Molybdenum | (Me) .1% Key component of enzymes |
| Tin | (Sn) .1% uncertain |
| iodine | (I) .1 % component of thyroid hormone |
| substances | elements or compounds |
| electron clouds | areas where electron can be found |
| atomic # | number of protons in atom's nucleus |
| atomic mass | # of protons + # of neutrons |
| probability distribution | probability of finding electron at a specific tie |
| energy level | rings around nucleus represent different energy levels |
| octet Rule | Atoms attempt to gain, lose, or share electrons |
| isotopes | contain same number of protons but not neutrons |
| inert | stable element |
| Carbon 14 | Nuclear Breakdown |
| Carbon 13 | metabolic processes |
| Radioactive isotope | carbon 14 |
| radioactivity vs chemical activity | radio differs because it can change the number of protons in atom |
| radioactivity | radiation from atoms nucleus |
| chemical reaction | interaction between 2 or more atoms |
| chemical bonds and 2 types | reactions that hold atoms together ionic and covalent |
| ionic bond | charged by the loss or gain of an electron |
| covalent bond | bonded by sharing electrons singular or double |
| hydrogen bond | result from unequal charge distribution (polar) |
| Hydrogen bonds with water | few= liquid solid=many gas=far apart |
| chemical reactions | synthesis reaction decomposition reaction exchange reaction |
| synthesis reaction | 2 or more substances coming A+B=AB |
| Decomposition | breakdown of 2 or more substances AB= A+B+Energy |
| exchange reaction | breakdown and synthesize AB+CD=AD+BC |
| reversible reaction | proceed in both directions A+B><AB |
| metabolism | chemical reaction that occur in body |
| catabolism | breakdown and release energy |
| anabolism | build larger molecules and require energy |
| hydrolysis | reaction that adds water to breakdown larger molecules |
| dehydration synthesis | molecules are assembled into larger molecules after water is removed |
| organic compounds | compounds composed of covalent and ionic |
| inorganic compounds | no carbon or carbon-hydrogen bonds |
| biomolecules | Large organic molecules in living organisms |
| solvent | able to dissolve other substances |
| solute | dissolved in solvent |
| aqueous solution | "salt water" |
| hydration shell | "coat of water" around charged solutes |
| colloid | particles become dispersed in water without settling out |
| strong polarity | polar water molecules attract other compounds, causing them to dissociate transport substances |
| high specific heat | hydrogen bond absorb heat when they break, release when form body temperature homeostasis |
| high heat of vaporization | hydrogen bond breaks for water to evaporate evaporation of water in sweat |
| cohesion | hydrogen bonds hold water together |
| reactivity | water directly involved in chemical reaction |
| electrolytes | inorganic substances that dissociate in solution |
| cation | positively charged ions |
| anions | negatively charged ions |
| acid | any substance that release hydrogen ion (H+) in solution |
| strong acid | acid that completely or almost dissociate to form (H+) ions |
| weak acid | produces few (H+) ions |
| base | substances that can neutralize the acid by reacting with hydrogen |
| pH | Power of hydrogen |
| buffers | pH homeostatic mechanism. Donate or remove H+ ions |
| salts | compound results from chemical interaction of acid and base |
| potassium chloride | K+ +. cl- |
| sodium chloride | NA+Cl- |
| calcium chloride | Ca++. + 2Cl- |
| magnesium chloride | MG++. + 2Cl- |
| Sodium bicarbonate | Na+. + HCO3 |
| Sodium sulfate | 2Na + SO4- |
| Calcium carbonate | Ca++ + CO3 |
| Calcium phosphate | 3Ca++ + 2PO4- |
Created by:
Sainila.atiifale
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