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Bio unit 2
Cell reproduction and inheritance
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| cellular reproduction | a process by which cells duplicate their contents and then divide to yield multiple cells with similar, if not duplicate, contents |
| mitosis | division of genetic material in the nucleus, results in production of diploid (2n) somatic cells (body cells) |
| meiosis (simple definition) | the production of haploid (n) gametes (eggs and sperm) by germs cells |
| cell cycle | a highly regulated series of events for the growth, reproduction of cells. |
| interphase | 90% of cycle, |
| G1 phase | first gap, |
| G2 phase | second gap the cell rebuilds cell reserves of energy and manufactures proteins and other molecules necessary for cell division. |
| S phase | synthesis of DNA replication of DNA and condensing during mitosis |
| mitotic phase | shortest part of cell cycle |
| prophase | first phase of cell division -chromosomes shorten and thicken -centrioles move to the opposite poles and grow spindle fibres that attach to centrosomes of each chromosomes -nuclear membrane fades away |
| metaphase | second phase of cell division -chromosomes move to the middle of the cell -often the longest phase |
| anaphase | -Centromeres dissolve and chromatids move towards to opposite poles -should have an equal number of chromatids at each |
| telophase | -chromatids reach the opposite poles of the cell (by centrioles) -Spindle fibers dissolve -two daughter nuclei form in the cell -Nuclear membrane begins to form around each mass of chromatin. |
| cytokinesis | -cytoplasm begins to divide into each separate daughter cell in animals the membrane pinches off in the centre in plants the cell wall starts to form between daughter cells |
| plant cells | DO NOT HAVE CENTRIOLES they do have spindle apparatus |
| benign | damaged cells that do not divide |
| malignant | cells that continue to divide, invade other tissue, or spread via blood |
| meiosis action | -reduction division of parent cell -produces 4 daughter cells containing half the number chromosomes -produces gametes (egg and spem) |
| Spermatogenesis | -production of sperm through meiosis in males |
| oogenesis | -production of eggs through meiosis in females |
| sister chromatids | -two identical chromatids that are formed during the S phase joined at the centrosome |
| human chromosomes | each human cells have 46 chromosomes 22 homologous pairs and 1 set of sex chromosomes |
| karyotype | ordered pair of chromosomes |
| homologous chromosomes | two chromosomes in a pair one from the father and one from the mother |
| gene | basic functional unit of heredity |
| locus | the location of the gene on a chromosome |
| allele | matching genes from the dad and mom |
| reproduction of somatic cells | 1.growth-from one cell into a mature organism 2.maintenance- replacement of old cells with new cells 3.repair damaged tissue |
| ploidy | the number of chromosomes occurring in the nucleus of a cell |
| diploid | a cell with paired sets of homologous chromosomes 2n=46 |
| haploid | a cell with single unpaired chromosome n=23 |
| polyploid | three or more homologous chromosomes 4n=8 |
| meiosis 1 | |
| crossing over | |
| prophase 1 | |
| metaphase 1 | |
| anaphase 1 | |
| telophase + cytokinesis | |
| meiosis 2 | |
| prophase 2 | |
| metaphase 2 | |
| anaphase 2 | |
| telophase 2 | |
| cytokinesis | |
| nondisjunction | |
| trisomy | |
| monosomy | |
| sex linked | |
| syndrome | |
| asexual reproduction | |
| reproduction in prokaryotes | |
| binary fusion | |
| horizontal gene transfer | |
| budding | |
| fragmentation |
Created by:
harini.narayanan
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