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CGRN
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Used to assess pressures and motility in the gastrointestinal tract | Gastrointestinal Manometry |
| The movement of the Manometric catheter from the abdominal cavity into the thoracic cavity | Respiration Inversion Point |
| A connective tissues disease that leads to loss of esophageal motility because of absent muscle contraction | Scleroderma |
| A provocative test using exogenous acid exposure to reproduce chest pain | Bernstein Test |
| Assesses the response of the internal and external sphincters to the stimulus of bowel distention | Anorectal Manometry |
| The abnormal condition of the buildup of amyloid in the intestinal wall | Systemic Amyloidosis |
| are for electrocoagulating tissue for those at increased risk of bleeding | Hot Biopsy Forceps |
| accomplished by swabbing the rectal area looking for infectious disease | Rectal Culture |
| equipment that allows for small bowel biopsy | Carey Capsule |
| Equipment that allows for small bowel biopsy | Crosby Capsule |
| A biopsy that is immediately mounted and examined for quick results | Frozen Section Biopsy |
| involves passing a tiny brush through the biopsy channel | Brush Cytology |
| a study in which a patient swallows the radiopaque contrast so that the esophagus can be evaluated | Barium Swallow |
| with small bowel follow through allows the evaluation of the gastrointestinal tract through the small bowel by using radiopaque Barium | Upper Gastrointestinal Series or UGI |
| allows for injection Barium through a tube to evaluate the small bowel | Enteroclysis |
| uses radiopaque Barium to assess the colon | Barium Enema |
| or angiography is a test in which arteries are injected with contrast medium to assess bleeding, trauma or vascular abnormalities | Arteriography |
| an imaging study that computes the different densities of tissues to make an image | Computed tomography or CT |
| require that a tube be passed into the duodenum and then the gallbladder is stimulated to contract. Secretions are collected and examined . | Biliary Drainage Studies |
| reflects the pigment responsible for carrying oxygen in the red blood cell | Hemoglobin |
| defines the percent volume of red blood cells to the whole blood | Hematocrit |
| is a measure of platelet function. The time it takes a patient to clot after a cut can be timed | Bleeding Time |
| manufactured in the bone marrow, are blood cells that help in clotting blood. If they are low, the patient will have a tendency to bleed. | Platelets |
| assesses the ability of the small intestine, particularly the upper small bowel, to absorb necessary substances. | Serum D-Xylose Test |
| assesses a patient’s ability to respond to a glucose challenge. Abnormal responses suggest diabetes. | Glucose Tolerance Test |
| is measured for a number of reasons. Elevated levels are associated with increased cardiac disease and may be caused by certain diseases, including gastrointestinal diseases | Serum Cholesterol |
| levels are elevated with certain forms of cancer or inflammatory diseases. | Carcinoembryonic Antigen |
| require the measurement of exhaled gases after the ingestion of a labeled substance. | Breath Tests |
| the procedure to dilate the esophagus by using a weighted bougie to push through an esophageal narrowing. | Bougienage |
| is a bougie with a tapered end used in esophageal dilatation | Maloney Dilator |
| is a bougie filled with mercury for dilating the esophagus | Hurst dilator |
| are polyvinyl dilators that have a channel for a guide wire. | Salvary-Gilliard Dilators |
| are pneumatic balloons used to dilate the lower esophageal sphincter | Rigiflex Dilators |
| are the measurements used to designate the size of an esophageal dilator. It reflects the circumference of the dilator. | French Units |
| hollow aluminum cylinders with a heating coil to cause tissue coagulation | Heater Probes |
| an electrode used in electrocoagulation in which the probe delivers the current and completes the circuit. | Bipolar Probe |
| uses a single pole to produce coagulating current | Monopolar Electrocoagulation |
| Instruments used to deliver electrocoagulation therapy | Electrosurgical Units |
| occurs at 60 c and causes tissue coagulation | Photocoagulation |
| occurs at 100 c and cuts or destroys tissue | Photovaporization |
| is ethanolamine oleate, a sclerosing agent | Ethamolin |
| is used in tamponade with a gastric and esophageal balloon | Sengstaken-Blakemore Tube |
| is used in tamponade but has no esophageal balloon | Linton Tube |
| is used in tamponade. It has a gastric and esophageal balloon and also lumens to allow for both gastric and esophageal suction. | Minnesota Tube |
| is a surgical procedure for peptic ulcer disease in which the antrum of the stomach is removed with attachment of the duodenum to the remainder of the stomach | Billroth I |
| is a surgical procedure for peptic ulcer disease in which the upper duodenum and lower stomach are removed with the Jejunum being attached to the remainder of the stomach | Billroth II |
| is a surgical procedure that creates a pouch in the proximal area of the stomach. The Jejunum is attached to the pouch, and the duodenum is attached to the Jejunum | Roux-En-Y |
| results at birth with the esophagus ending blindly, unattached to the stomach. | Esophageal Atresia |
| is used to strengthen the LES by wrapping the stomach around the lower esophagus and suturing it in place. | Nissen Fundoplication |
| the lysis of red blood cells | Hemolysis |
| devices for long term use. They include central venous line devices and indwelling infusion ports. | Vascular Access Devices |
| the process by which solvents pass through a selectively permeable membrane | Osmosis |
| patient controlled intravenous access devices for the delivery of pain medication. | PCA or Patient - Controlled Analgesic |
| occurs when substances from the inserted intravenous line leak into surrounding tissue | Infiltration |
| blood used for prospective transplant patients because it reduces the likelihood of sensitization to tissue antigens . | Leukocyte-Poor Blood |
| an inflammation of the vein, which can occur as a complication of intravenous therapy. | Phlebitis |
| an opening through the wall of the gastrointestinal tract. | Perforation |
| occurs when the individual has bloody stools. | Hematochezia |
| occurs when the individual produces odiferous, tarry stools | Melena |
| vomiting blood | Hematemesis |
| results in a perforation that occurs spontaneously, usually associated with vomiting | Boerhaave’s Syndrome |
| the presence of bacterial organisms in the blood | Bacteremia |
| a severe allergic reaction that results in cardiovascular collapse and possibly death. | Anaphylaxis |
| are periods of increased respirations interspersed with periods of decreased respirations | Cheyne-Stokes Respirations |
| a transient loss of consciousness due to a neurologic and cardiovascular response to fear or pain | Vasovagal Syncope |
| the inappropriate introduction of substances to the respiratory system | Aspiration |
| results when protein synthesis exceeds protein degradation | Positive Nitrogen Balance |
| results when protein degradation exceeds protein intake | Negative Nitrogen Balance |
| is provided for those who cannot eat but who have functioning bowels | Enteral Nutrition |
| requires insertion of a gastrostomy feeding tube via the endoscope | Percutaneous Endoscopic Gastrostomy |
| nutritional supplementation for the patient with gastrointestinal dysfunction | Total Parenteral Nutrition |
| combined to form proteins | Amino Acids |
| nutrients that are inorganic | Minerals |
| nutrients that are organic | Vitamins |
| is pentagastrin, a drug used that causes an increase in gastric acid secretion | Peptavlon |
| is bentiromide, which helps evaluate the exocrine function of the pancreas | Chymex |
| is edrophonium chloride, used to simulate esophageal spasm | Tensilon |
| can be administered to investigate the exocrine function of the pancreas | Secretin |
| decreases motility, may be used for different procedures | Glucagon |
| cholecystokinin and is used to cause the gallbladder to contract | Kinevac |
| used to dissolve cholesterol gallstones | Chenix or chenodeoxycholic acid |
| used to dissolve cholesterol gallstones | Actigall or ursodeoxycholic acid |
| used to dissolve cholesterol gallstones | Monooctanoin |
| a narcotic analgesic that is especially useful in biliary or pancreatic diseases | Meperidine or Demerol |
| a narcotic analgesic associated with less nausea and vomiting | Fentanyl or Sublimaze |
| used to reverse sedation and respiratory depression caused by opioids | Narcan or Naloxone |
| can reverse the sedation of benzodiazepines | Romazicon or Flumazenil |
| used to Thrombose and fibrose varices | Sclerosing Agents |
| used to treat esophageal spasm | Isordil |
| a calcium channel blocker used to relax the LES | Procardia or Nifedipine |
| a muscular tube that connects the mouth to the stomach | Esophagus |
| the upper end of the esophagus | UES or Upper Esophageal Sphincter |
| where the esophagus joins the stomach | LES or Lower Esophageal Sphincter |
| the rhythmic, coordinated muscular contractions of the gastrointestinal tract | Peristalsis |
| the symptom of difficulty swallowing | Dysphagia |
| the symptoms of painful swallowing | Odynophagia |
| dilated, distended vessels in the esophageal wall | Esophageal Varices |
| an esophageal diverticulum or outpouching that is caused by UES dysfunction | Zenker’s Diverticulum |
| an inflammation of the mucosal lining | Esophagitis |
| a laceration in the esophageal lining | Mallory-Weis Tear |
| a dilation of the esophagus from abnormal peristalsis and/or high LES pressure | Achalasia |
| chaotic, simultaneous contractures of the esophageal musculature | Diffuse Esophageal Spasm |
| occurs with the replacement of normal squamous epithelial cells by non-squamous cells in the esophagus | Barrett’s Esophagus |
| results from an increase in the amplitude of peristaltic contractions | Nutcracker Esophagus |
| a combination of food with stomach secretions | Chyme |
| non-specific epigastric pain or nausea | Dyspepsia |
| gram negative organisms associated with peptic ulcer disease | Helicobacter pylori |
| called leather bottle stomach, a diffuse submucosal stomach cancer that causes fibrosis | Linitis plastica |
| a vitamin B12 deficiency due to lack of intrinsic factor | Pernicious anemia |
| an uncommon stomach lesion that protrudes into the stomach | Gastric polyp |
| gastric ulcers associated with severe stresses, such as illnesses and burns | Stress ulcers |
| occurs in infants and is more common in males. The pyloric sphincter resists passage of food to the intestines. This usually requires surgery. | Hypertrophic pyloric stenosis |
| wrinkles in the stomach surface to allow for expansion | Rugae |
| responsible for releasing intrinsic factor for vitamin B12 absorption | Parietal cells |
| The arrangement of the mucosa and submucosa that provides increased surface area in the small intestines | Plicae circulares |
| When the bowel twists around itself. It can cause ischemia. | Volvulus |
| Occurs when part of the intestine telescopes up the lumen of the adjacent intestine | Intussusception |
| Refers to excessively loud bowel sounds | Borborygmi |
| Occurs when the small intestinal lining lacks the enzyme lactase, causing diarrhea and malabsorption with lactose products. | Lactase deficiency |
| Occurs in individuals that lack beta-lipoproteins, which leads to build up of fat in the small intestines. This causes malabsorption. | Abetalipoproteinemia |
| Produced by the gastric parietal cell and allows for absorption of vitamin B12. | Intrinsic Factor |
| The area adjacent to the small intestinal villi responsible for replenishing the columnar epithelium. | Crypts of Lieberkuhn |
| Lymph collection / nodes in the ileum | Peyer’s Patches |
| Bulky, malodorous stool with excess fat content | Steatorrhea |
| Swollen blood vessels in the anal area. Internal occur above the internal sphincter; external below. Those from the internal area drain into the portal system, so diseases that lead to portal hypertension can lead to internal. | Hemorrhoids |
| Occurs when fecal material is not eliminated appropriately. The retained stool forms a solid collection that impedes further passage of stool. | Fecal Impaction |
| Caused when chronic constipation leads to involuntary stool leakage | Encopresis |
| A collection of pus in the anorectal area | Anorectal abscess |
| An abnormal formation of an opening in the peri-anal area, usually caused by an abscess. | Anorectal Fistula |
| Occurs when rectal tissue protrudes through the anus. | Rectal Prolapse |
| Results from deposits of bile pigments in certain tissues causing a yellowish discoloration | Jaundice |
| Pain caused by biliary tract stones | Biliary Colic |
| The term meaning that gallstones are located in the common bile duct or the hepatic duct. | Choledocholithiasis |
| Presents with cystitis in the absence of gallstones | Acalculous Cholecystitis |
| Refers to cholecystitis that demonstrates gas in the wall of the gallbladder or biliary ducts | Emphysematous cholecystitis |
| An inflammation of the gallbladder because a gallstone is obstructing the cystic duct | Acute Calculous Cholecystitis |
| Intestinal obstruction caused by a gallstone in the ileum | Gallstone Ileus |
| Bacterial infection of the biliary ducts caused by obstruction | Cholangitis |
| An extra pancreatic duct that most people have, along with the duct of Wirsung. | Duct of Santorini |
| A pancreatic enzyme high in bicarbonate that is stimulated by acidic stomach products. | Secretin |
| An enzyme released by the duodenum that is stimulated by proteins and fats. It acts on the pancreas to stimulate pancreatic enzyme release | Cholecystokinin-Pancreozymin |
| The appearance of a bluish tinge to the flanks secondary to bleeding from acute pancreatitis | Grey Turner’s Sign |
| The appearance of a bluish tinge around the umbilicus secondary to bleeding from acute pancreatitis | Cullen’s Sign |
| A collection of pancreatic debris surrounded by granulation tissue but without a true epithelial layer | Pseudocyst |
| A pancreaticoduodenectomy to treat pancreatic cancer or other diseases | Whipple Operation |
| Refers to pancreatic tissue in sites other than the pancreas | Pancreatic Rest |
| Results when embryonic pancreatic tissue does not combine, causing two separate pancreatic ducts | Pancreas Divisum |
| Refers to a condition where embryonic tissue fails to combine and a portion of the pancreas surrounds the duodenum | Annular Pancreas |
| An inherited disorder involving pancreatic insufficiency, neutropenia and growth problems | Schwachman-Diamond Syndrome |
| The connective tissue covering enveloping the liver | Glisson’s Capsule |
| The process the liver employs to convert glucose to glycogen for storage | Glycogenesis |
| The process the liver undertakes to convert glycogen to glucose | Glycogenolysis |
| The process the liver uses to synthesize glucose | Gluconeogenesis |
| Caused by portal hypertension leading to dilated vessels around the umbilicus | Caput Medusae |
| The accumulation of fluid in the abdominal cavity | Ascites |
| Inflammation of the liver parenchyma caused by infection, toxins, or immune reactions | Hepatitis |
| Massive hepatic cell death due to an insult, such as an infection or an exposure to a toxin | Fulminant Hepatic Failure |
| An inherited disease that causes a lack in the AAT enzyme, which can lead to liver and lung disease | Alpha 1-Antitrypsin Deficiency or AAT Deficiency |
| Results in scarring of the biliary duct system causing cholestasis and liver damage | Biliary Atresia |
Created by:
mer325