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Biology
Biology - Unit 2 - WGU
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| BIOLOGICAL MACROMOLECULES | Relatively large - made by living organisms from smaller molecular building blocks (proteins, lipids, nucleic acids, and polysaccharides/complex sugars) |
| CARBOHYDRATES | Extracellular surface of the cell membrane is decorated with these groups attached to lipids and proteins. They play a role in giving a cell its identity (distinguishing self from non-self) and are the distinguishing factor in human blood types. |
| LIPIDS | Largely nonpolar (electrons evenly among atoms) & hydrophobic ("water-fearing"). Functions including storage of energy for long-term use - fats, insulation from environment, & building blocks for hormones. (Fats, oils, waxes, phospholipids, &steroids) |
| PROTEINS | Folded chains of amino acids. Play key role both structurally & functionally. Enzymes are these and catalyze all of the chemical reactions in the cell. |
| NUCLEIC ACIDS | Built from nucleotides - carry out two main functions in the cell; storage of genetic information and synthesis of proteins (DNA & RNA) |
| NEUTRONS | Subatomic particle with a neutral charge that is contained in the nucleus & has a mass of approximately 1 atomic mass unit. |
| PROTONS | Positively charged subatomic particle that is contained in the nucleus & has a mass of approximately 1 atomic mass unit. |
| ELECTRONEGATIVITY | Tendancy of an atom to hold shared electrons more close to its nucleus. (Oxygen is high) Most important strongly (term) elements in biological systems are oxygen and nitrogen. |
| SOLUTIONS | Homogeneous mixtures of solvent and solute. |
| SOLVENT | Component of a solution that is present in the greatest quantity & in which something else is dissolved. |
| SOLUTE | Component of a solution that is present in the smallest quantity & which dissolves in a solvent. |
| HYDROPHILLIC | "water-loving" - molecules that are water soluble. Contain polar functional groups that can form hydrogen bonds or ionic bonds with water. |
| HYDROPHOBIC | "water-fearing" - molecules that do not interact with water & are characterized by a complete lack of electronegative atoms. |
| COHESION | Property of matter in which particles tend to stick together. Liquid water - forms spherical droplets because of its hydrogen bonds, which attract the individual water molecules to each other. |
| SURFACE TENSION | The capacity of a liquid's surface to resist being ruptured when placed under tension or stress. |
| ORGANIC MOLECULE | (NOT THE SAME AS ORGANIC FOOD) Carbon-containing proteins & carbohydrates - naturally occurring - not referencing how they are produced. Must have carbon to be considered this. |
| POLYMERS | Large molecules consisting of repeating structural units, or monomers, connected by covalent chemical bonds. |
| MONOMERS | Small organic molecule that may bind chemically to other molecules to form a polymer. Repeating structural unit of a polymer. (glucose - make up polysaccharide starche, amino acids - make up proteins) |
| MONOSACCHARIDE | Simple sugar (carbohydrate) containing carbon, hydrogen, & oxygen atoms in a 1:2:1 ratio. (glucose, fructose, & ribose) |
| DISACCHARIDE | Carbohydrate made of two monosaccharides linked together by a covalent bond. (sucrose and lactose, glucose + fructose = sucrose or table sugar, glucose + galactose = lactose or milk sugar. |
| POLYSACCHARIDE | Carbohydrate (starch, cellulose, or glycogen) that consists of long chains of monosaccharides bonded together. Often used for energy storage & structural support by organisms. |
| FATS | Type of lipid composed of glycerol & saturated fatty acids; typically solid at room temperature. |
| WAXES | Nonpolar lipids that form protective layers on plants & animals. Simplest lipids in nature, consisting of two long hydrocarbon chains linked in the middle by an ester group. |
| STEROIDS | Type of lipid composed of a common carbon ring structure. (testosterone and cholesterol) |
| OILS | Type of lipid composed of glycerol & unsaturated fatty acids; typically liquid at room temperature. |
| PHOSPHOLIPIDS | Molecule consisting of a glycerol bonded to a phosphate group (hydrophillic head) & two fatty acids (hydrophobic tail) |
| AMINO ACIDS | Small organic molecule w/the structure of an amino group, a carboxylic acid group, & an "R" group, all bonded to a single central carbon atom. The difference between the "R" group distinguishes one from another. Building blocks of proteins. |
| ENZYMES | Type of protein that speeds up the chemical reactions in biological organisms. |
| PROTEIN FOLDING | Final 3-dimensional shape of proteins that results from interactions between the amino acids in the protein. |
| INORGANIC MOLECULES | Simple molecules not found in living things. May contain carbon or hydrogen, but NOT both. (CO2, N2, O2) |
| RIBONUCLEIC ACID (RNA) | Composed of nucleotides in a single strand whose primary function is protein synthesis. Transmits the info so that it can be used to produce proteins. |
| DEOXYRIBONUCLEIC ACID (DNA) | Nucleic acid polymer that contains the genetic instructions for all living organisms. Composed of two strands of nucleotides that are intertwined in a double helix. Stores & transmits inherited genetic info; contains coded directions for making proteins. |
| NUCLEOTIDES | Molecules that make up the individual structural units of the nucleic acids RNA & DNA. Each nucleotide contains three building blocks: a phosphate, a sugar, and a nitrogenous base |
Created by:
StubbyJane
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