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Life of the Past 2
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| variable food supply, less diversity, polar environments, harsh weather conditions | versatile generalists |
| whats an example of a versatile generalist | sharks |
| consistent food supply, more diversity, tropical environments, along the equator | specialists |
| whats an example of a specialist | vultures |
| what is the highest diversity seen in ocean life | tropical coral life |
| where is the highest diversity of animal life seen | tropical rainforests |
| published a graph in 1860 showing diversity of life through time, distinguishing between paleozoic, mesozoic, and cenozoic eras | john phillips |
| spent nearly 20 years compiling number of identified families of fossil taxa in order to evaluate pattern of diversity through time in fossil record | jack sepkoski |
| who created the consensus model | jack sepkoski |
| what 3 major faunal changes through time did sepkoski identify | cambrian, paleozoic, modern |
| what fauna does the burgess shale fall under | cambrian fauna |
| what are 2 examples of organisms from the cambrian fauna | trilobites and inarticulate brachiopods |
| what are 2 examples of organisms from the paleozoic fauna | articulate brachiopods and crinoids |
| what are 5 examples of organisms from the modern fauna | crustaceans, mollusks, fish, bivalvia, gastropods |
| what is one big cause of diversity | plate tectonics |
| did the late precambrian have low or high diversity | low |
| huge increase in diversity in the late cambrian era | cambrian explosion |
| what era is considered the closest we've ever come to sterilizing the earth | late permian |
| did the middle ordovician have a lot of diversification | yes |
| did the late cretaceous have a lot of a little diversity in the tropics | a lot |
| recent extinction; probably the only species of which we know the exact date of its extinction | passenger pigeon |
| who was the last passenger pigeon | martha |
| what were 3 big reasons the passenger pigeon went extinct | their environment was being destroyed, easy to catch, good to eat |
| taking the genome of one organism and swapping it into another | cloning |
| reproducing a population via cloning | de-extinction |
| what are "big 5" mass extinctions | late ordovician, late devonian, permian triassic, late triassic, creataceous-paleogene |
| what was the driving force behind the late ordovician mass extinction | tectonics and glaciation |
| what was the driving force behind the late devonian mass extinction | evolution of plants and ocean stagnation |
| what was the driving force behind the permian triassic mass extinction | siberian trap eruption |
| what was the driving force behind the late triassic mass extinction | plume eruptions and methane |
| what was the driving force behind the cretaceous-paleogene mass extinction | asteroid and deccan traps |
| what was the largest mass extinction in history | permian triassic |
| enormous volcanic eruptions which cover vast areas of land with igneous rocks | traps |
| what % of species that have ever lived are now extinct | 99-99.9% |
| rapid decrease in diversity that overall has major effect on life that evolves afterwards; removes the incumbent effect; results in adaptive radiation | bottlenecking |
| idea that you have a limited population that begins to evolve and selection causes them to change their anagenesis or cladogenesis and begin to fill these new roles | adaptive radiation |
| failure of normal ocean circulation | stagnation |
| what are the 4 main triggers for mass extinctions | ocean stagnation, rapid changes in sea level, enormous volcanic eruptions, extraterrestrial impact |
| study of current and past distribution of the earth's plant and animal species | biogeography |
| where and why organisms occurred at times in the past | paleobiogeography |
| what 3 things does modern distribution of fossils reflect | paleoclimate, isolation/independent evolution, paleogeography |
| distribution of animals around earth; can be biological or geological | dispersion |
| played a major role in development of the theory of evolution by studying distribution of plants and animals in malaysia and indonesia | alfred russell wallace |
| defined boundary between the region of the sundas, sumatra, java, borneo, and australia; dashed line split the regions apart; result of changes in sea level | wallace line |
| what type of influence did populations northwest of the wallace line have | asian influence |
| what type of influence did populations east of the wallace line have | australian influence |
| theory for how to describe the diversity present on an island; equilibrium model created by macarthur and wilson | island biogeography theory |
| do big islands have more or less species | more |
| what 2 big forces are at play in the equilibrium model | immigration of new species and species extinction |
| on the equilibrium model, does immigration increase or decrease with time | decrease |
| on the equilibrium model, does species extinction increase of decrease with time | increase |
| type of biological dispersal that doesn't limit animals that migrate; allows relatively free movement of species from one location to another; open pathway | corridor |
| type of biological dispersal that limits animals that migrate; region allows some to cross but not others | filter bridge |
| type of biological dispersal that doesn't allow movement of any species across a boundary | barrier |
| type of biological dispersal that redistributes animals from one place to another due to random events | sweepstakes |
| what are the 4 types of biological dispersal | corridor, filter bridge, barrier, sweepstakes |
| what type of biological dispersal was it when australia moved and no interaction of different animals was happening (resulted in convergent evoution) | barrier |
| what are 2 examples of sweepstakes | hurricanes and floods |
| what are the 3 types of geological dispersal | noah's ark, viking funeral ship, escalator |
| type of geological dispersal that takes place over long spans of time; transportation of living population from one place to another; dispersal of species that have been evolving for some time period to another place | noah's ark |
| type of geological dispersal where organisms move from one place to another after they're already dead | viking funeral ship |
| type of geological dispersal where species' lineage can be older than the island it lives on | escalator |
| what are the 2 types of escalator geological dispersal | hopping and continous |
| what is required of hopping (type of escalator geological dispersal) | generation of a hotspot |
| invertebrate phylum most closely related to chordates because both are deuterostomes | echinoderms |
| have a notochord, hollow nerve cord, circulatory system, brain, pharyngeal arches/slits, myomeres, and post anal tail; features of more similar to a sea squirt than to the adult form | chordates |
| retention of juvenile characteristics in adults | paedomorphosis |
| jawless fishes | agnathans |
| earliest jawless fishes with hard parts "plated skin" | ostracoderms |
| agnathan that was first abundant fish; head shield eyes on sides; dorsal spine for stability and protection; heavily armored scoop | heterostracans |
| agnathan with first paired fins; true dorsal fin; bottom feeders | osteostracans |
| last of the jawless fishes found only in a particular region in china; first paired nostrils | shuyu |
| strips of bone or cartilage that support the soft gills | gill arches |
| jawed fishes | gnathostomes |
| rare, jawed fish that are lightly built and poorly preserved | acanthodians |
| abundant fish with head shield and well developed jaws | placoderms |
| type of jawed fish characterized by its live birth, sexual dimorphic, internal fertilization, and male pelvic "claspers" | materpicis "mother fish" |
| possess a light bony skeleton; increase use of the tail for propulsion while other fins are for guidance/steering; can breath water | rayfins |
| possess fins with strong, sturdy bones as support; slower acceleration but more powerful strokes; first evolve exchange tissues in mouth, throat, or "lung" (swim bladder); early forms evolve one dorsal and 2 ventral pairs of fins for efficient swimming | lobefins |
| ancestor of all land plants | green algae |
| what are the 6 issues with plants living on land | no buoyant effect, desiccation, temperature variations, reproduction, respiration, nutrient uptake |
| what solves the problems of temperature variations for land plants | insulation from waxy cuticles |
| what do land plants do to solve problems of reproduction | generates spores |
| what do land plants do to solve problems of respiration | evolve stomata |
| what is the earliest evidence of land animals | arthropod tracks |
| missing link between fish and life on land; transitional fossil with a neck, shoulders, and flat nose; beginning of limbs | tiktaalik |
| what are the 4 big reasons for tetrapods to invade the land | ambush hunting, predator avoidance, basking, reproduction |
| what does basking do for tetrapods | speeds up digestion |
| group composed of all descendants of the last common ancestors of the living members of the group | crown group |
| what is an example of the crown group | amphibians |
| group composed of all the taxa that are more closely related to the living members of the group than the living members of other groups | stem group |
| what is an example of the stem group | stem tetrapods |
| fossil from scotland that looked and behaved like a 1 foot crocodile; continual adaptation of limb bones | pederpes |
| permian temnospondyl with large powerful jaw/skeleton; "drawn-out face" | eryops |
| 16 foot long cretaceous temnospondyl from australia with wide rounded head | koolasuchus |
| leading candidate of possible ancestor to modern amphibians | doleserpeton |
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