Help
Options
Didn't know it?
click below
click below
Knew it?
click below
click below
Don't Know
Remaining cards (0)
Know
retry
shuffle
restart
0:00
Embed Code - If you would like this activity on your web page, copy the script below and paste it into your web page.
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Prelim 2 (LEC 12-13)
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Which of the following are extracellular fluids? (Blood plasma, interstitial fluid, intracellular fluid) | Blood plasma, interstitial fluid |
| What is intracellular fluid? | fluid in cells |
| What is interstitial fluid? | fluid between cells |
| What is blood plasma? | fluid in circulation (veins) |
| What makes up extracellular fluids? | water, electrolytes, non-electrolytes (water and solutes) |
| Electrolytes ___ (dissociate/don't dissociate), while non-electrolytes _____ (dissociate/don't dissociate) | dissociate, don't dissociate |
| Which ions generate action potentials? | Na+ and K+ |
| In an action potential ___ is OUTSIDE the cell, while ___ is INSIDE the cell. | Na+, K+ |
| What are extracellular fluids required for? | maintaining cell structure, ensuring cell function, and acting as a vehicle for nutrients and chemicals |
| ____ (hydrostatic/oncotic) pressure maintains tissues and organs in place. | hydrostatic |
| Fluctuation of volume and solutes in ECF is ____ (dangerous/normal). | dangerous |
| Ion loss/gain and water loss/gain are ____ (coupled, independent) | independent |
| (Conformer or Regulator): cells are iso-osmotic with environment, no need for homeostasis | conformer |
| (Conformer or Regulator): exist in unstable environments | regulator |
| What are the 3 parameters regulated by regulators in ECF? | volume of water, ionic concentration, osmotic pressure |
| Fish lose salt by ___ (diffusion/osmosis) and gain water by ____ (diffusion/osmosis). | diffusion, osmosis |
| Fresh water fish ___ (uptake/secrete) Na+ and Cl-, in water, through their gills. | uptake |
| What is the problem of living in fresh water? | salt loss (diffusion) and water gain (osmosis) |
| Fresh water fish ins and outs: | in: salt, water, ions out: water in dilute urine |
| What is the solution to living in fresh water? | diluted urine, uptake of Na+ and Cl- |
| In fresh water fish, Cl- is coupled with ___ and Na+ is coupled with ____. | carbonate, H+ |
| What is the problem of living in sea water? | water loss, salt gain |
| Sea water fish ___ (uptake/secrete) Na+ and Cl-, in water, through their gills. | secrete |
| Fresh water fish ins and outs: | in: water, ions out: salt in scanty urine |
| Low osmolarity environments (fresh water) present a ___ (dilution/concentration) risk? | dilution |
| High osmolarity environments (salt water) present a ___ (dilution/concentration) risk? | concentration |
| What is the solution to living in sea water? | concentrated urine, secretion of Na+ and Cl- |
| What are the two kinds of dehydration? | istonic, hypertonic |
| What is isotonic dehydration? | loss of fluid, no change in concentration (volume drop) |
| Hypovolemia is an example of _____ (isotonic/hypertonic) dehydration. | isotonic |
| What is hypertonic dehydration? | high electrolyte levels |
| What is the other name for hypertonic dehydration? | Hyponatremic (true) dehydration |
| ___ is the method of water/salt intake. | thirst |
| ____ is the mechanism of water/salt output. | extresion |
| Which part of the brain signals dehydration? | hypothalamus |
| What are the steps of dehydration signaling? | hypothalamic thirst center, thirst, water moistens mouth, throat, water absorbed from GI tract |
| What is another name for isotonic dehydration? | hypovolemia |
| Intracellular thirst is ____ (hypertonic or isotonic) dehydration? | hypertonic |
| Extracellular thirst is ____ (hypertonic or isotonic) dehydration? | isotonic |
| What triggers intracellular thirst? | electrolyte concentration too high in ECF |
| What triggers extracellular thirst? | ECF volume too low |
| Hypovolemia uses ____ receptors to trigger feelings of thirst? (extracellular) | baro |
| Hypertonic dehydration uses ____ receptors to trigger feelings of thirst? (intracellular) | osmo |
| Osmoreceptors are HIGHLY sensitive (T or F) | T |
| Osmoreceptors modify their ____ (electrical/chemical) activity, APs, in response to ECF osmolarity. | electrical |
| Cell shrinkage is signal detected by ____ in contact with osmoreceptors | neurons |
| Hypovolemia triggers blood vessel ____ (constriction/dilation). | constriction |
| Hypovolemia triggers heart rate ____ (increase/decrease). | incrfease |
| Hypovolemia is ___ (intra/extra) cellular thirst and induces cravings for ____. | extra, water and salt |
| Hypertonic dehydration is ___ (intra/extra) cellular thirst and induces cravings for ____. | intra, water |
| ___ (carnivores/herbivores) have a deficit of sodium. | Herbivores |
| What are the 3 forms of nitrogenous waste? | ammonia, urea, uric acid |
| What does the urea cycle do? | converts ammonia to less toxic urea |
| The urea cycle is energetically costly. (T or F) | T |
| Ammonia is released through the ____ (whole body surface, kidney, as a paste). | whole body surface |
| Urea is released through the ____ (whole body surface, kidney, as a paste), as ____. | kidney, urine |
| Uric acid is released as a ____ (liquid, solid, paste), which is energetically ____ (costly, favorable). | paste, costly |
| Ammonia is ___ (highly, medium, not very) toxic, requires ___ (high/mid/low) water volume and ___ (high/mid/low) energy. | highly, high, low |
| Urea is ___ (highly, medium, not very) toxic, requires ___ (high/mid/low) water volume and ___ (high/mid/low) energy. | medium, mid, mid |
| Uric Acid is ___ (highly, medium, not very) toxic, requires ___ (high/mid/low) water volume and ___ (high/mid/low) energy. | not very, low, high |
| Urine is made up of 95% ___ and 5% ___ | Water, nitrogenous waste and ions |
| Define excretion | filtration and reabsorption along a tube |
| What are the 4 steps of excretion. | 1. filter ECF, reclaim valuable solutes, reabsorb water, secrete toxin |
| What is the equation for excretion? | Excretion = Filtration - Reabsorption + Secretion |
| What are the 4 steps of excretion. | filtration, reabsorption, secretion, excretion |
| Which tubes connect to the kidney? | renal artery and renal vein |
| What is the input of the kidney? | Blood (renal artery) |
| What are the outputs of the kidney? | Blood (renal vein) and Urine (ureter) |
| The kidney is an assembly of ____. | nephrons |
| What is a nephron? | a basic unit of the kidney |
| Label nephron in order of blood flow. | bowman's capsule, proximal tubule, loop of henle, distal tubule, collecting duct |
| What are the 3 key steps in urine formation? | blood filtration, selective reabsorption and secretion, reabsorption of salt and water |
| Where in the nephron does blood filtration take place? | Bowman's Capsule |
| Where in the nephron does selective reabsorption and secretion take place? | Proximal and Distal tubule |
| Where in the nephron does reabsorption take place? | Loop of Henle and Collecting Duct |
| Where do podocytes exist? | Bowman's Capsule |
| What is a podocyte? | a specialized cell that interacts with endothelial cells |
| What do podocytes do in Bowman's capsule? | form a thin, porous membrane in the inner kidney membrane |
| What is the OUTPUT of Bowman's capsule? | primary urine |
| Colloid oncotic pressure and Capsule pressure ___ (contradict/support) filtration. | contradict |
| ____ (oncotic, hydrostatic) pressure supports filtration (pushes blood out of blood into nephron) | hydrostatic |
| Name the inputs and outputs of the proximal tubule: | in: H+, NH3 out:bicarbonate, water, salt, K+ |
| In the proximal tubule, filtrate volume ___ (increases/decreases), but remains iso-osmotic to blood. | decreases |
| What stays constant in the proximal tubule? | concentration of filtrate |
| What is countercurrent multiplication? | using energy to generate an osmotic gradient to produce a concentrated gradient |
| What is the countercurrent multiplication metaphor? | urine making many U turns in a concentration gradient |
| In a nephron, osmolarity increases _____ (up to down, down to up). | up to down |
| Where does reabsorption of MOST water and solutes occur? | Loop of Henle |
| What are the 3 segments of the Loop of Henle? | 1) descending limb 2) ascending limb 3) thick ascending limb |
| The descending limb of the Loop of Henle is _____ (permeable/impermeable) to water, ____ (permeable/impermeable) to ions. | permeable, impermeable |
| The descending limb of the Loop of Henle is _____ (permeable/impermeable) to water, ____ (permeable/impermeable) to ions. | impermeable, permeable |
| The thick ascending limb of the Loop of Henle actively _____. | pumps out Na+ |
| When the salt concentration increases down the descending loop, water is _____ (gained/lost) | lost |
| In the ascending loop ____ (salt/water) is lost. | salt |
| What is the single effect? | horizontal gradient generated |
| The Loop of Henle goes from a horizontal gradient (___ effect) to a _____ gradient. | single, vertical |
| What are the5 steps of going from single effect to vertical gradient? | 1. isosmotic with blood 2. single effect n1 3. filtration, high salt concentration to bottom 4. single effect n2 5. repeat |
| What happens in step 2 of single effect to vertical gradient? (Single effect n1) | salt gets pumped into the middle, decreases osm in ascending, increases in ascending |
| What enters the distal tubule? | dilute urine |
| What stimulates Na+ reabsorption into the distal tubule? | aldosterone |
| What is aldosterone? | what stimulates Na+ reabsorption in the distal tubule. |
| What are the INPUTS and OUTPUTS of the distal tubule? | in: K+, H+ out: NaCl, bicarbonate, H+, K+ |
| In collecting duct, ____, ____-, and _____ are secreted. | NaCl, Urea, H2O |
| In the collected duct, ___ and ____ leave through passive transport, while ____ leaves through active transport. | Urea, H2O, NaCl |
| When urine enters the Loop of Henle, it is ____ (isoosmotic/hypoosmotic) | isoostomic |
| Hypoosmotic to blood is like saying ____ | dilute |
| When urine exits the Loop of Henle, it is ____ (isoosmotic/hypoosmotic) | hypoosmotic |
| Dehydration triggers the release of ____. | ADH |
| ADH promotes urine ____ (concentration/dilution), retaining water. | concentration |
| How does ADH work? | It triggers aquaporin accumulation at the membrane surface, facilitating water flux and allowing stronger water absorption |
| What kind of channel does ADH trigger? | aquaporin |
| _____ (osmoregulators/osmoconformers) match osmolarity of body to outside environment | Osmoconformers |
| _____ (osmoregulators/osmoconformers) can exist outside of marine environments | Osmoregulators |
Created by:
shohumfin
Popular Biology sets