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Bio 101
Chapters 3 & 4
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Monomer | macromonomers are made of smaller parts. The subunit that serves as a building block of a polymer |
| polymer | Large molecules made up of many identical or similar monomers linked together by covalent bonds. |
| isomer | Organic compounds with the same molecular formula but different structures and, therefore, different properties. |
| organic | Carbon based molecule |
| hydrolysis | A chemical reaction that breaks bonds between two molecules by the addition of water; process by which polymers are broken down and an essential part of digestion. |
| dehydration synthesis | removal of water to join two monomers together creating a polymer |
| polysaccharide | A carbohydrate polymer of many monosaccharides (sugars) linked by dehydration reactions. |
| monosaccharides | The simplest carbohydrate; a simple sugar with a molecular formula that is generally some multiple of CH2O. Monosaccharides are the monomers of disaccharides and polysaccharides. |
| carbohydrates | Member of the class of biological molecules consisting of single-monomer sugars (monosaccharides), two-monomer sugars (disaccharides), and polymers (polysaccharides). |
| lipids | An organic compound consisting mainly of carbon and hydrogen atoms linked by nonpolar covalent bonds, making the compound mostly hydrophobic. Lipids include fats, phospholipids, and steroids and are insoluble in water. |
| nucleic acid | A polymer consisting of many nucleotide monomers; serves as a blueprint for proteins and, through the actions of proteins, for all cellular structures and activities. The two types of nucleic acids are DNA and RNA. |
| proteins | A functional biological molecule consisting of one or more polypeptides folded into a specific three-dimensional structure. |
| hydrophobic | “Water-fearing”; pertaining to nonpolar molecules (or parts of molecules) that do not dissolve in water. |
| hydrophilic | “Water-loving”; pertaining to polar or charged molecules (or parts of molecules) that are soluble in water. |
| amino acids | An organic molecule containing a carboxyl group and an amino group; serves as the monomer of proteins. |
| nucleotides | A building block of nucleic acids, consisting of a five-carbon sugar covalently bonded to a nitrogenous base and one or more phosphate groups. |
| unsaturated | A fatty acid that has one or more double bonds between carbons in the hydrocarbon tail and thus lacks the maximum number of hydrogen atoms. Unsaturated fats and fatty acids do not solidify at room temperature. |
| saturated | A fatty acid in which all carbons in the hydrocarbon tail are connected by single bonds and the maximum number of hydrogen atoms are attached to the carbon skeleton. Saturated fats and fatty acids solidify at room temperature. |
| Light Microscope | An optical instrument with lenses that refract (bend) visible light to magnify images and project them into a viewer’s eye or onto photographic film. |
| Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) | A microscope that uses an electron beam to study the surface details of a cell or other specimens. |
| transmission microscope | A microscope that uses an electron beam to study the internal structure of thinly sectioned specimens. |
| Prokaryotic | An organism whose cells do not have an enclosed nucleus, such as bacteria. |
| Eukaryotic | Cell with a nucleus (surrounded by its own membrane) and other internal organelles. |
| Nucleoid | A non–membrane-bounded region in a prokaryotic cell where the DNA is concentrated. |
| Plasma Membrane | a microscopic membrane of lipids and proteins that forms the external boundary of the cytoplasm of a cell or encloses a vacuole, and that regulates the passage of molecules in and out of the cytoplasm. |
| Cell Wall | A protective layer external to the plasma membrane in plant cells, bacteria, fungi, and some protists; protects the cell and helps maintain its shape. |
| Ribosomes | Makes proteins for the cell |
| Endomembrane system | A network of membranes inside and around a eukaryotic cell, related either through direct physical contact or by the transfer of membranous vesicles. |
| Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum | creates lipids or fat, no ribosomes |
| Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum | transport and storage of proteins |
| Golgi Apparatus | A system of membranes that modifies and packages proteins for export by the cell |
| Lysosomes | Uses chemicals to break down food and worn out cell parts |
| Vesicles | small membrane sacs that specialize in moving products into, out of, and within a cell |
| Mitochondria | powerhouse of the cell, produces energy (ATP) from oxygen and sugar(Cellular respiration) |
| Chloroplast | An organelle found in plant and algae cells where photosynthesis occurs |
| Cilia | The hair like projections on the outside of cells that move in a wavelike manner |
| Flagella | whip like tails found in one-celled organisms to aid in movement |
| Nucleus | Control center of the cell. Contains DNA. |
| Chromosomes/Chromatin | Composed of DNA and proteins; found in the nucleus; tightly packed during cell division and dispersed during normal cell operations |
| Extracellular Matrix | The chemical substances located between connective tissue cells |
| cytoskeleton | A network of fibers that holds the cell together, helps the cell to keep its shape, and aids in movement |
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pedikeens11
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