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Bio Ch. 7
Patterns of Inheritance
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| genetic trait | any inherited characteristic of an organism |
| invariant trait | traits that are the same in all individuals of the species |
| variable trait | traits that differ among individuals of the same species |
| physical trait | easily observable traits |
| biochemical trait | often more difficult to observe |
| behavioral trait | behaviors with some genetic basis |
| gene | basic unit of information affecting a genetic trait |
| chromosome | a DNA double helix wrapped around spools of proteins |
| alleles | different versions of a given gene |
| mutation | a random change to the sequence of bases in an organism's DNA |
| genotype | the pair of alleles for a given trait that codes for the phenotype |
| phenotype | the physical expression of a given trait |
| dominant allele | 1 allele that prevents a second allele from affecting the phenotype when the 2 allele are paired together |
| recessive allele | an allele that has no effect on the phenotype when paired with a dominant allele |
| homozygous | the genotype consists of 2 copies of the same allele |
| heterozygous | the genotype consists of 2 different alleles |
| genetic cross | a controlled mating experiment performed to examine how a particular trait may be inherited |
| P generation | the organisms involved in the first cross |
| F1 generation | the first generation of offspring |
| F2 generation | the offspring when the individuals of the F1 generation are crossed with each other |
| punnett square | a grid-like diagram used to predict the results of a genetic cross |
| law of segregation | the 2 alleles of a gene are separated during meiosis 1 & end up in different gametes – egg & sperm cells |
| law of independent assortment | when gametes form, the 2 alleles of any given gene segregate during meiosis independently of any 2 allele of other genes |
| mendelian trait | traits controlled by a single gene & unaffected by environmental conditions |
| chromosome theory of inheritance | explains the mechanism underlying Mendel’s laws |
| dihybrid cross | a controlled mating experiment involving organisms that are heterozygous for two traits |
| genome | the complete set of genes of an organism |
| incomplete dominance | when neither allele is able to exert its full effect |
| codominance | when the effects of the 2 alleles are equally visible in the phenotype of the heterozygote |
| complex trait | a genetic trait whose pattern of inheritance can’t be predicted by Mendel’s laws of inheritance |
| pleiotrophy | when a single gene influences a number of different traits |
| polygenic trait | single traits governed by more than one gene |
| epistasis | 2 genes are inherited independently, but the alleles of one gene affect the expression of the other gene’s alleles |
Created by:
nat.riv
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