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Gr.12 Bio (DNA) pt2
Protein synthesis, mutations etc.
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is the making of proteins using the code in DNA as instructions called? | Protein synthesis |
| --------- is the making of a RNA copy from a DNA template | Transcription |
| ----------- is the making of a polypeptide chain from the RNA copy | Translation |
| DNA codes for ------- production | protein |
| Genes are a sequence of --------- on a chromosome | nucleotides |
| What's the synthesis order of molecules? | DNA --> mRNA --> Proteins |
| Where does DNA and RNA reside? | DNA resides only in the nucleus, while RNA can be in the nucleus and cytoplasm |
| Ribonucleic Acid is ------ stranded | single |
| What is the end product of transcription? | mRNA |
| What is the function of tRNA? | Delivers amino acids to ribosomes during translation |
| What is the function of rRNA? | It binds with ribosomal proteins to form ribosomes |
| What is the goal of transcription? | To make a mRNA copy from a DNA template (gene) |
| During the initiation stage of transcription, where does DNA polymerase bind? | It binds to DNA at a promotor (a site near beginning of a gene) |
| What happens at the end of transcription? | mRNA transcript is released and exits the nucleus |
| RNA polymerase binds to the 3' end of DNA molecule on region ‘upstream’ of gene to be transcribed. What is this region called? (Transcription) | Promoter region |
| Region high in A and T (is called the ----- ------ | TATA box |
| RNA polymerase builds the new singlestranded mRNA in ----- direction | 5' to 3' |
| Does the promoter region get transcribed? | No |
| No -------- is required for RNA polymerase to build new single stranded mRNA in 5' to 3' direction | primer |
| One strand from double-stranded DNA is called the -------- ------ | template strand |
| Which direction is the template strand read? | 3' to 5' |
| What causes mRNA strand to disassociate from the DNA template strand? (Transcription) | Termination sequence |
| The mRNA produced in transcription is called the --------- ------ | primary transcript |
| What does it mean when the primary transcript is capped? | A 5' cap is added to the 5' end of the primary transcript |
| What is added through tailing? | A poly-A tail |
| What enzyme adds onto the poly-A tail? | Poly-A polymerase |
| What is the poly-A tail made up of? | About 200 adenine ribonucleotides on the 3' end |
| What the the non-coding regions called? | Introns |
| What are coding regions called? | Exons |
| What does the primary transcript contain? | Introns and exons |
| Why do introns need to be removed? | They will be translated and the protein will not fold properly rendering it useless |
| Introns are removed by -------------- | spliceosomes |
| What are spliceosomes made up of? | RNA and protein |
| What do spliceosomes do? | They cut out introns from the primary transcript and join the remaining exons |
| The end result of a primary transcript being capped, tailed, and free of introns is called the ------ --------- | mRNA transcript |
| Why is no proofreading is needed following transcription? | Mistakes don't really matter because the protein won't be used, and many others are made. Additionally, code still exists in the DNA. |
| HIV is a --- ---------- | RNA retrovirus |
| What is a RNA retrovirus? | A virus which has genetic info in the form of RNA |
| Which enzyme does HIV involve the coding of? | Enzyme reverse transcriptase |
| What does enzyme reverse transcriptase does? | Converts RNA into DNA |
| What problem does enzyme reverse transcriptase cause? | DNA of infected cell is able to go through transcription, so the mRNA produced will code for viral proteins and enzymes ---> virus continues |
| Where does translation occur? | Ribosomes in the cytoplasm |
| Why does translation occur? | To create proteins using mRNA |
| Ribosomal subunits are made up of ----- and --------- | RNA and proteins |
| What is the molecule that transfers amino acids called? | tRNA |
| Is tRNA double stranded or single stranded? | Single stranded |
| Translation starts at the codon ---- (**amino acid*) | AUG (methionine) |
| Which arm of tRNA recognizes codon of mRNA? | Anticodon arm |
| Where does translation start? From E, P, A site | Peptide site (P site) |
| What sequence does the anticodon arm contain? | Complementary RNA sequence |
| ---------- ----- are formed between two amino acids attached to tRNA in the P and A sites | Peptide bonds |
| A stop codon is read in the -- ---- | A-site |
| Stop codons do not code for amino acids, so there is no ------ in the A-site | tRNA |
| Which protein helps in the release of the polypeptide from the ribosome? | Release factor |
| Transcription occurs along a ___ template forming mRNA in the ___ direction. | 3' - 5' and 5' - 3' |
| What removes introns in what stage? | Spliceosomes following transcription |
| DNA polymerase reads in a ----------- direction | 3' to 5' |
| What direction is the coding strand runs in? | 5' to 3' |
| What are spontaneous mutations caused by? | Caused by errors in DNA replication |
| Induced mutations are caused by ----------- -------- | mutagenic agents |
| Base substitutions and frameshift mutations are part of ------- mutations | point |
| Translocation occurs at ---------- base pairs | multiple |
| Point mutations occur at a -------- ------ | specific base |
| Which base substitution mutation causes no change to the amino acid? | Silent mutation |
| Sickle cell anemia is an example of what mutation? | Missense mutation |
| What are the two reasons why a silent mutation results in no amino acid or phenotypic change? | 1. Redundancy of genetic code 2. Mutation occurred on part of genome that isn't expressed such as introns and telomeres |
| In what type of mutation does the substitution of one base result in the replacement of an amino acid codon with a stop codon? | Nonsense mutation |
| What type of mutation causes a change in reading frame? | Frameshift mutations |
| Frameshift mutations can be caused by insertions and --------- | deletions |
| The transfer of a fragment of DNA from one site in the genome to another location is called -------- | translocation |
| The result of a translocation mutation is a ------ ------- with an altered function | fusion protein |
| The reversal of a segment of DNA within a chromosome is called ------ | inversion |
| True or false? There can be a gain or loss of genetic information in an inversion mutation | False (no change in info) |
| Translocation usually occurs between two ----------- --------- | nonhomologous chromosomes |
| Certain fragments of DNA that consistently move from one location to another are called --------- ------- | transposable elements |
| Transposable elements are also called --------- ------- | jumping genes |
| What happens when a transposable element is added to a coding region of a gene? | It will leave it inactive |
| What is the term for the following definition: Turning a DNA code into a functional protein | Gene expression |
| Prokaryotic cells use ------- to regulate gene expression | operons |
| A cluster of genes under the control of a promoter and operator is called an -------- | operon |
| Regulatory sequences of DNA in which a repressor protein binds is called an --------- | operator |
| Which enzyme breaks lactose down (into glucose and galactose)? | Lactase |
| The turning off of the lactose gene expression after a few years (after weaning) is called -------- ------- | lactose intolerance |
| What is the trait that allows adults to continue to digest milk called? | Lactase persistence |
| True or false? Lactose can be found in E.coli | True |
| E.coli uses the enzyme ---------------- | beta-galactosidase |
| What does E.coli use to control the transcription and translation of beta-galactosidase due to a lower lactose intake? | Negative regulation system |
| The genes for beta-galactosidase are part of an ------ | operon |
| When lactose is ABSENT, ----- ---------- ------ blocks transcription of the lac operon genes by binding to the lac operator and blocking RNA polymerase | LacI repressor protein |
| When lactose is PRESENT, the LacI repressor must be -------- so that beta-galactosidases can be made | removed |
| Lactose acts as a ----- -------- by binding to the LacI repressor protein ---> LacI's shape is changed and can no longer bind to operator | signal molecule (inducer) |
| When tryptophan is ABSENT, the shape of the --- ---------- ------ is changed so it cannot bind to the trp operator | trp repressor protein |
| RNA polymerase transcribes trp operon genes and the enzymes that synthesize tryptophan are produced by ------ | E.coli |
| When tryptophan is PRESENT, the RNA polymerase is unable to bind to promoter region and genes are ---- ----------- | not expressed |
| trp operons consist of a cluster of ---- genes under the control of one operator and one promoter | 5 |
| lac operons consist of a cluster of ----- genes under the control of one operator and one promoter | 3 |
| The LacI repressor protein binds to the operator when lactose levels are ---- | low |
| The corepressor tryptophan binds to the trp repressor protein and the complex binds to the operator when tryptophan levels are ---- | high |
| High levels of lactose ------ the operon | induce |
| High levels of tryptophan ------ the operon | repress |
| Is lactose an inducer, repressor or corepressor? | Inducer |
| Is tryptophan an inducer, repressor, or corepressor? | Corepressor |
| -------- ------- bind to the repressor protein and indirectly regulates the gene expression | Corepressor proteins |
| Do eukaryotic cells have operons? | No |
| List the 4 categories of control mechanisms. | Transcriptional, post-transcriptional, translational, post-translational |
| In order to create a piece of --------- -----, a piece of DNA needs to be combined with another strand of DNA | recombinant DNA |
| Which eukaryotic control mechanism involves the regulation of mRNA? | Post-transcriptional |
| Which eukaryotic control mechanism involves the regulation of polypeptides? | Post-translational |
| Which eukaryotic control mechanism involves the regulation of translation rate? | Translational |
| Methylation is an example of which eukaryotic control mechanism? | Transcriptional |
| Methylation involves the enzyme ---------- in order to temporarily stop transcription ---> called gene silencing | methylase |
| Alternative splicing and mRNA degradation are examples of ------------ regulation | post-transcriptional |
| Specific proteins, called ---------- , help polypeptides fold | chaperones |
| Processing of polypeptides, chemical modification, and degradation are examples of ----------- regulation | post-translational |
| What are restriction enzymes also known as? | Endonucleases |
| What can cut DNA in a predictable manner making it useful for genetic engineering? | Endonucleases |
| Sticky ends are able to make -------- ---- thus more useful than blunt ends | hydrogen bonds (since they have overhangs) |
| Which enzyme prevents restriction enzyme from cleaving bacterium's own DNA? | Methylases |
| What enzyme forms phosphodiester bonds for the new sequence of DNA to be added into an existing genome? | DNA ligase |
| For the transformation of animal cells, where does DNA have to be injected? | zygote nucleus |
| True or false? Plant cells are not totipotent | False (so 1 plant cell can give rise to an entire new plant) |
| Bacteria uses ------- as a vector | plasmids |
| The two examples of transformation in plants are ---------- and the ---- ---- | agrobacterium, gene gun |
| Transformation is called ---------- in animals | transfection |
| Mammalian cells are not totipotent, but -------- | multicellular |
| What method is used to separate DNA fragments according to their chemical and physical properties? | Gel electrophoresis |
| What makes many copies of a DNA fragment in a relatively short amount of time? | Polymerase Chain Reaction |
| What is the name of the certain type of DNA polymerase that is found in thermophilic bacterium? | taq polymerase |
| The difference between individual's DNA, when using the same restriction enzyme are called ---------- | Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (RFLPs) |
| What does STR stand for? What are they used to do? | Short Tandem Repeats (short sequence of nucleotides repeated many times). Used to identity a sample to a person. |
| What are the repeated sequences at the end of DNA strands that shorten with every cell division called? | Telomeres |
| Telomeres protect the DNA from getting cut off during --- ------ | cell division |
| Which enzyme is responsible for adding more repeat sequences at the base of the DNA, making it 'immortal'? | Telomerase |
| Telomerase functions at a high level during -------- ------------- | embryonic development |
| The enzyme ----- cuts bit of double stranded DNA at a specific location so bits of DNA can be added or removed | Cas9 |
| What is the small piece of pre-designed RNA sequence within a larger DNA scaffold called? | gRNA (Guide RNA) |
| What guides Cas9 to the right part of genome to be cut? | gRNA |
| If the tRNA has anticodon UAC, what is the corresponding amino acid? | Methionine |
| Between the two strands of a DNA segment the nitrogen bases are held together by which type of bond? | Hydrogen bonds |
| On which molecule(s) would you find a codon? | mRNA and DNA |
| Does transcription occur when lactose is present? | Yes |
| What type of mutation is it when a base is deleted or added? | Frameshift mutations |
| In which direction is mRNA read in by ribosomes | 5'-3' by ribosomes |
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