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Prelim 2 (LEC 7-9)
BIO 1440 Prelim 2
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is the formula for Q10? | R(T+10C)/RT |
| What are the four regulator types? | Homeotherms, Non-regulating Endotherm, Thermoregulating Endotherm, Poikilotherm |
| What is a homeotherm? | A thermoregulating endotherm |
| What is an endotherm? | Tb mostly metabolic |
| What is an ectotherm? | Tb mostly environmental |
| What is a poikilotherm? | A non-regulating ectotherm |
| What is an ectotherm? | Tb mostly environmental |
| What does Q10 describe? | The sensitivity of a process to temperature |
| Benefits of homeothermic behavior? | High activity levels, independence from external conditions, flexibility in different habitats |
| Costs of homeothermic behavior? | Energetically expensive (especially in cold), regulatory machinery |
| What is the heat exchange equation? | TBody = Tambient + Hmetabolism +/- Hradiation +/- Hconduction +/- Hconvection - Hevaporation |
| What does radiation depend on? | Temperature difference, SA, color, emissivity |
| What does conduction depend on? | Temperature difference, A, thermal conductivity |
| What does convection depend on? | Temperature difference, SA, rate of flow |
| Is conduction or convection in fluids? | Convection |
| Is conduction or convection the direct transfer of KE? | Conduction |
| What does evaporation depend on? | Tambient, V H2O evaporated, humidity |
| What does Kleiber's Law say? | Metabolic rate is proportional to m^2/3-3/4 |
| Higher volume = ___ metabolic rate | lower |
| Why do smaller organisms have a higher basal metabolic rate? | They lose heat easily |
| What is gigantothermy? | Exotherm so large, SA/Vol = 0. When hot, animal doesn't lose heat, becomes endothermic. |
| What is insulation? | Evolutionary modification of conductivity and/or distance to organs. |
| What is countercurrent exchange? | Heat transfer between fluids flowing in opposite directions? |
| Why is countercurrent exchange optimal? | Retains heat closer to core, reduces heat loss. |
| What are 3 methods of heat gain? | Basal metabolic rate/muscle activity, shivering, non-shivering thermogenesis |
| What are 2 methods of heat loss? | Sweat glands (evaporative), capillary opening (higher radiation) |
| What does BROWN adipose tissue (BAT) have that WHITE doesn't? | 2 lipid droplets per cell, many mitochondria, rich vascularization |
| What induces thermogenesis? | Thyroid hormones and the sympathetic nervous system |
| What does thermogenin do in BAT? | uncouples e- transport and ATP formation |
| What is meant by mitochondrial uncoupling in BAT? | H+ leak back across inner mitochondrial membrane through thermogenin channel. |
| Which nervous system regulates vasodilation and vasoconstriction? | The autonomous nervous system |
| Higher flow in distal loop (increases OR decreases) heat exchange with the environment (AKA heat loss) | Increases |
| Which feedback loop responds to an increase in body temp. with sweat and vasodilation? (Cooling OR Heating) | Cooling |
| What are responses of the heating feedback loop? | Shivering, vasoconstriction |
| What is Fick's Law of diffusion? | J = -D dC/dx |
| Which transport technique is used for large transport? | Bulk transport |
| What does bulk flow require? | Plumbing system, pressure source |
| The xylem manages movement of ____. | Water, minerals |
| The xylem does (unidirectional OR bidirectional) bulk flow? | unidirectional |
| The phloem does (unidirectional OR bidirectional) bulk flow? | bidirectional |
| The phloem manages movement of ___. | Organic molecules |
| What is the xylem catch phrase? | "root to shoot" |
| What is the phloem catch phrase? | "source to sink" |
| What are the two types of cells making up the xylem? | Tracheids (long), Vessel Elements (short, not in all plants) |
| What are the two components of tracheids? | Primary wall (cellulose), secondary wall (lignin) |
| Which theory describes the pull of water from shoot to root? | Cohesion-tension theory |
| Water in xylem is under _____, while sap in Phloem is under ___. | tension, pressure |
| What are the two types of cells making up the phloem? | sieve cells, companion cells |
| What do companion cells do in the phloem? | Transport sugars |
| What do sieve cells do in the phloem? | Make up the tube |
| Describe the transport process in the phloem. | Active/passive loading of carbon molecules (high pressure), water follows by osmosis, sugar unloaded at sink (low pressure) |
| Arteries connect ___ to ____. | heart, periphery |
| Veins connect ___ to ___. | periphery, heart |
| Capillaries connect ___ to ____. | veins, arteries |
| Which is on top? (Atrium OR Ventricle) | Atrium |
| What primes the ventricle? | The atrium |
| Which has thin-walls? (Atrium OR Ventricle) | Atrium |
| What does the ventricle do? | Pushes blood into cells |
| What does the atrium do? | Collects blood |
| Which circuit does the left heart control? (Systemic OR Pulmonary) | Systematic Circuit |
| Which circuit does the right heart control? (Systemic OR Pulmonary) | Pulmonary Circuit |
| Describe the double circulation system in mammals? (systemic to pulmonary) | Systematic Vein to Pulmonary Vein (through pulmonary capillaries) to Systemic Artery to Pulmonary Artery (through systemic capillaries) |
| Which side of the heart is HIGH in O2? Which part of the double circulation circuit does this contain? | Left, Pulmonary Vein & Systematic Artery |
| Which law describes laminar flow? | Poiseuille's Law |
| Laminar flow describes ____ external flow velocity and ___ internal flow velocity. | low, high |
| What changes perfusion of tissue? | Vascular tone or degree of contraction |
| Increased vascular tone leads to ___ radius, ___ flow, ___ resistance___ pressure downstream | small, low, high, high |
| Vasocontraction can be caused by: | High O2, low CO2, high endothelin, high sympathetic stimulation |
| Low O2, high CO2, high nitric oxide, low sympathetic stimulation are all causes of: | Vasodilation |
| Total fluid energy of blood depends on: | PE of pressure produced by herat, KE of blood, PE of position (mgh) |
| Is systole ventricular or atrial? | Ventricular |
| What is ventricular contraction called? | Systole |
| What is ventricular release/refilling called? | Diastole |
| What maintains pressure and flow during diastole? | Elastic recoil, vessel shape change maintains pressure |
| What is the formula for mean arterial pressure? | DP + 1/3(PP) |
| What is the equation for pulse pressure? | SP - DP |
| From artery to capillary to vein, hydrostatic pressure ___ and oncotic pressure ___. | decreases, stays the same |
| What does osmotic pressure depend on? | Plasma proteins (albumin) |
| Through vessels, fluid is lost due to __ pressure and recovered due to ___ pressure. | Hydrostatic pressure, oncotic pressure |
| Where does filtration happen? | Arterial end |
| Where does reabsorption happen? | Venous end |
| Left atrium/ventricle pumps blood from ___ into ___ towards body. | lungs, aorta |
| Left heart carries oxygen (rich OR poor) blood. | rich |
| Right heart pumps blood from __ into __ towards body. | aorta, lungs |
| Overall pulmonary/systematic pathway in heart: | lungs, left atrium, left ventricle, aorta, body, right atrium, right ventricle, pulmonary artery, lungs |
| What do the atrioventricular valves separate? and how many are there? | Atrium and Ventricle, 2 |
| What do the semilunar valves separate? and how many are there? | Artery and Ventricle, 2 |
| Name the two atrioventricular valves. | Tricuspid, bicupsid (mitral) |
| Which side of the heart are the tricuspid valve and pulmonary valve? | Right |
| Which side of the heart is the pulmonary artery? | Right |
| Which side of the heart is the aorta? | Left |
| Name the two semilunar valves. | Aortic, Pulmonary |
| Which side of the heart is the aortal valve? | Left |
| When ventricles relax ___ valves OPEN and ___ valves CLOSE. | atrioventricular valves, semilunar valves |
| Name the five stages of the cardiac cycle: | quiescent period, atrial systole, ventricular ejection, rapid ejection, reduced ejection |
| In which step of the cardiac cycle do the semilunar valves open? | Step 3, ventricular ejection |
| What causes ventricular ejection to begin in the cardiac cycle? | When ventricular pressure > arterial pressure |
| Where does the electrical signal arise in the heart? | Sinoatrial node |
| What is the path of the electrical signal in the heart? | sinoatrial node to atrioventricular node & bundle of His, Purkinje fibers, ventricular contraction |
| Cardiomyocytes are: | electronically coupled, mono-nucleated cardiac muscle cells |
| What do action potentials induce in cardiomyocytes? | Wave of contraction (systole) |
| How are cardiomyocytes connected? | Porous junctions/intercalated discs |
| During depolarization, which ion leaks into cardiomyocytes? | Na+ |
| During repolarization, which ion rushes out of cardiomyocytes? | K+ |
| What determines heart pace? | Rate of Na+ leakage (APs/time) |
| Describe the Mb potential process in the SA Node: | Na+ leaks in, at threshold, voltage-gated Ca++ channels open for Ca++ to enter, voltage-gated K+ channels open, K+ flows out |
| What is used to trace? | Test charges and a dipole |
| Movement of charges towards ___ electrodes will result in ___ deflection. | positive, positive OR negative, negative |
| EKG Reading: what does the P wave (wave 1) correspond to? | atrial depolarization (atrial diastole to atrial systole) |
| EKG Reading: what does the QRS complex (wave 2) correspond to? | ventricular depolarization (atrial systole to atrial diastole, ventricular diastole to ventricular systole) |
| EKG Reading: what does the T wave (wave 3) correspond to? | ventricular repolarization (ventricular systole to ventricular diastole) |
| Sympathetic neural input catch phrase: | "Fight or Flight" |
| Parasympathetic neural input catch phrase: | "Rest and Digest" |
| Which neurotransmitters are sympathetic neural inputs? | noradrenaline, norepinephrine |
| Which neurotransmitters is a parasympathetic neural input? | acetylcholine |
| Sympathetic neural inputs __polarize cells and __ K+ outflow. | de, reduce |
| Paraympathetic neural inputs __polarize cells and __ K+ outflow. | hyper, increase |
| The faster the K+ leak rate, the ___ time it takes to reach the threshold. | more |
Created by:
shohumfin
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