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HORT 310 Exam 1
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What year did the Romans build mica houses? | 100 AD |
| What year(s) was the Orangery created? | 1619-1800s AD |
| What year was the glass roof adopted? | 1720 |
| What year was the first glass greenhouse built? | 1720s |
| Who built the first glass house? | Andrew Faneuie |
| What year did George Washington have his greenhouse built? | 1789 |
| What year was the Society of American Florists formed? | 1879 |
| What years became a struggle for inefficient growers? | 1930s/40s |
| What year did automation/mechanization become popular? | 1980s |
| What year did AmericanHort form? | 2014 |
| What is mechanization? | Replacement of a task done by humans |
| What is automation? | Replacement of an entire process |
| What are some considerations to make when building a greenhouse? | Access to transportation, water quality/quantity, air quality, wind, property cost, tax rate, zoning laws, climate, labor supply, material flow, market, business environment, etc. |
| What are some common greenhouse pests? | Aphids, thrips, fungus gnats, shore flies, whiteflies, red spider mites, cyclamen mites, leafminer, mealy bugs, scales |
| What type of mouthpart does an aphid have? | Piercing-sucking |
| Where are aphids found on a plant? | Entire plant- primarily on buds, stems, and underside of leaves |
| What are symptoms of aphids? | Distorted new growth, chlorosis/chlorotic pin-point spots on older leaves |
| What are signs of aphids? | Honeydew, insects |
| What are some ways to control aphids? | Wash insects off plants, parasitic wasps, Enstar (IGR), horticultural oil, avoid high N fertilization |
| What type of mouthpart do thrips have? | Rasping-sucking |
| Where are thrips found on plants? | Buds, flowers, leaf axils, between bulb scales |
| What are symptoms of thrips? | White/silver scars on new growth, distorted or malformed foliage, stunted growth, virus infection |
| What are some ways to control thrips? | Biological and chemical control (Marathon, Avid) |
| Where are fungus gnats found? | Larvae: in soil Adult: flying around plant |
| What are some ways to control fungus gnats? | Avoid algae, keep floors dry, clean up spilled media, eliminate weeds, Bt, chemical control |
| Where are shore flies found? | Damp areas and algal growths |
| What are some ways to control shore flies? | Keep algal growth down, watch fertilizer and water runoff, chemical and biological control |
| Where are whiteflies found? | Underside of leaves |
| What type of mouthpart do whiteflies have? | Piercing-sucking |
| What are some signs and symptoms of whiteflies? | Chlorosis, honeydew |
| What are some ways to control whiteflies? | Weed control, Enstar (IGR), horticultural oil, chemical control (Marathon, Pyrethrum, etc) |
| Where are red spider mites found? | Underside of leaves and flowers |
| What are some signs and symptoms of red spider mites? | Chlorotic stippling on upper leaf surface, yellowing of foliage, dry leaves, webbing (if severe) |
| What are some ways to control red spider mites? | Wash underside of leaves, humidity/temp control, parasitic mites, biological sprays |
| What are some signs and symptoms of cyclamen mites? | Distorted or stunted new growth, blackened shoot tips |
| Where are cyclamen mites found? | Growing tips |
| What are some ways to control cyclamen miters? | Rouge out infested plants, chemical control |
| Where are leafminers found? | Leaves |
| What are some signs and symptoms of leafminers? | Punctured leaves, 'mines' through leaves |
| What are some ways to control leafminers? | Resistant varieties, chemical and biological control |
| Where are mealybugs found? | Leaf axils, leaf midribs, underside of leaves |
| What are some signs and symptoms of leafminers? | Honeydew, leaf yellowing and drop, cottony white masses in leaf axils and on underside of leaves, distorted new growth |
| What type of mouthpart do mealybugs have? | Piercing-sucking |
| What are some ways to control mealybugs? | Rouge out infested plants, wash plants, chemical control, biological control |
| Where are scales found? | Stem. flowers, fruits, roots, crown |
| What are some signs and symptoms of scales? | Silver, streaking honeydew on plants, chlorosis |
| What are some ways to control scales? | Destroy infested plants, chemical control, biological control |
| What is a complete metamorphosis? | The type of insect development that includes egg, larva, pupal, and adult stages |
| What is an incomplete metamorphosis? | Egg, nymph, and adult. The pupa stage is not developed |
| What are signs of disease? | Physical evidence of the pathogen |
| What are symptoms of disease? | Reaction of the host plant to the pathogen |
| What are the three components of the disease triangle? | Susceptible host, virulent pathogen, conducive environment |
| How are bacterial diseases spread? | Physically (hands, tools, etc), contaminated water, insects/birds |
| How are bacterial diseases controlled? | Control is difficult- prevention is best method. Includes sanitation, rouging out infected plants, insect control, and clean stock |
| What are some examples of viruses in the greenhouse industry? | Tomato Spotted Wilt Virus (TSWV), Impatiens Necrotic Spot Virus (INSV), Tomato Mosaic Virus (TMV), Ring Spot Virus |
| What are some examples of water mold fungi? | Pythium, Phytophthora |
| What are some examples of non-water mold fungi? | Rhizoctonia, Fusarium, Thielaviopsis |
| What are some symptoms of root rot? | Lack of root hairs, dark roots, lower leaves are chlorotic and abscise, decline in vigor, stunted growth, wilt (severe) |
| What are some symptoms of botrytis? | Grey fuzz, black, sunken lesions, tissue blackening/collapse/rot |
| What are some symptoms of powdery mildew? | White, powdery mycelia on leaves |
| What are ways to control root rot? | Sanitation, well-aerated medium, protective fungi, chemical control |
| What are ways to control botrytis? | Increase air circulation, watch stressed plants, chemical control |
| What are ways to control powdery mildew? | Reduce relative humidity, sanitation, increase air circulation, horticultural oil, potassium bicarbonate, neem oil, chemical control |
| What is a specialist? | Feeds on one insect or mite prey or a particular life stage; generally parasitoid |
| What is a generalist? | Feeds on a variety of insect or mite prey and tends to prey on different life stages; generally predators |
| What are the first 5 steps to establishing a biological control program? | 1. Establish a reliable scouting program 2. Correctly identify primary pest 3. Identify available biological control agents 4. Establish relationships with suppliers 5. Minimize pesticide residues |
| What are the second 5 steps to establishing a biological control program? | 6. Start with a clean greenhouse 7. Order biological control agents 8. Assess quality of biologicals 9. Release agents immediately upon arrival 10. Evaluate performance |
| What are the 6 basic steps of IPM? | 1. Exclusion 2. Crop Management 3. Sanitation 4. Monitoring 5. Insect/Pest/Disease Control 6. Evaluate program/adjust and plan |
| How much land should you purchase when building a greenhouse? | Twice the amount of the size of your greenhouse (for example, a 5,000 sq ft greenhouse would need 10,000 sq ft of land) |
| What orientation is favored for a single greenhouse? | East-west orientation is favored because light can enter through the sides rather than through the ends of the greenhouse where it would cast more shade. |
| What orientation is favored for a gutter connected greenhouse? | North-south |
| How far away should wind breaks be from a greenhouse? | At least 100 ft |
| How much space should the headhouse be? | At least 10% of the total growing area |
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avastallmann
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