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BIO 2273 Chapter 6
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What are the 5 major functions of the skeletal system? | support, protection, movement, storage, and blood cell production |
| What two things do ligaments attach? | bone to bone |
| What two things do tendons attach? | muscle to bone |
| What kind of connective tissue makes up ligaments and tendons? | fibrous connective tissue |
| What causes body movement? | contraction of muscle |
| What forms where 2 or more bones come together, and allows movement between bones? | joints |
| What kind of bone marrow gives rise to blood cells and platelets? | red bone marrow |
| What are the components of the skeletal system? | bones, cartilage, ligaments, and tendons |
| What are the 3 types of cartilage of the skeletal system? | hyaline, elastic, and fibrocartilage |
| What component of the skeletal system is hyaline cartilage associated with? | bone |
| what produces the matrix of hyaline cartilage? | chondroblasts |
| what do chondroblasts convert to once they are surrounded by matrix? | chondrocytes |
| What 2 things make up the matrix of hyalin cartilage? | collagen and proteoglycan |
| What if the function of collagen as a component of hyaline matrix? | provides strength |
| What if the function of proteoglycan as a component of hyaline matrix? | makes cartilage resilient by trapping water |
| What is the term for the location where chondrocytes reside? | lacunae. |
| Define periochondrium | a double layered connective tissue sheath that covers cartilage except at articulations |
| Which has fewer fibers, the inner or outer perichondrium? | inner |
| Which is more delicate, the inner or outer perichondrium? | inner |
| Which contains chondroblasts, the inner or outer perichondrium? | inner |
| Which contains blood vessels and have nerves penetrate, the inner or outer perichondrium? | outer |
| Does cartilage itself have blood vessels? | no |
| Do the perichondrium have blood vessels? | yes, in the outer portion |
| What does articular cartilage cover? | bones at joints |
| Do articular cartilage have perichondrium? | No |
| What is the precursor of osteochondral progenitor cells? | MSCs |
| What is the precursor of chondroblasts? | osteochondral progenitor cells |
| Put the following terms in order of producition: chondroblasts, chondrocytes, MSCs, osteochondral progenitor cells | MSCs, osteochondral progenitor cells, chondroblasts, chondrocytes |
| What are the 2 types of cartilage growth? | appositional and interstitial |
| Define appositional cartilage growth | chondroblasts in the perichondrium add new cartilage onto the outside edge of existing cartilage. |
| Define interstitial cartilage growth | chondrocytes within the center of the tissue divide and adds more matrix in between the existing cells. |
| What are the 2 organic components of bone matrix? | collagen and proteoglycans |
| What is the inorganic component of bone matrix? | calcium phosphate hydroxyapatite |
| How would the bone present itself if mineral is removed? | it would be flexible because only collagen is left |
| How would the bone present itself if collagen is removed? | it would be fragile because only mineral is left |
| What are the 3 types of bone cells? | Osteoblasts, osteocytes, and osteoclasts |
| Which component of bone matrix do osteoblasts produce: organic or inorganic | organic |
| Where do osteoblasts produce the organic component of bone matrix within the cell? | the ER organelle |
| What organelle of the cell packages the organic component of bone matrix? | the Golgi |
| How are the packaged organic component of bone matrix released? | exocytosis |
| How do osteoblasts communicate? | gap junctions |
| Define ossification | formation of new bone by osteoblasts |
| Does ossification occur by appositional or interstitial growth? | appositional growth |
| True or False: ossification via appositional growth occurs on the surface of preexisting mater | true |
| What kind of growth occurs when a bone has a fracture? | appositional growth |
| What kind of bone cells maintains bone matrix? | osteocytes |
| Where are osteocytes located? | lacunae |
| Where are the extensions of osteocytes located? | canaliculi |
| What is the function of canaliculi? | allow direct passage of nutrients between osteocytes |
| Do osteoclasts originate from the same precursor as osteoblasts and osteocytes? | No |
| Describe the size and shape of osteoclasts | Large, multinucleated cells with a ruffled border |
| When osteoclasts secrete protons (H+), what kind of environment is created: alkaline or acidic? | acidic |
| What do osteoclasts secrete to digest the protein components of the bone matrix? | enzymes |
| What cells are osteoclasts derived from? | monocytes |
| What is the precursor to monocytes? | MSCs |
| What is the first type of bone formed during ossification that happens during fetal development, growth, and fracture repair? | woven bone |
| Is woven bone strong or weak? | strong |
| is woven bone organized into thin sheets or randomly oriented? | randomly oriented |
| What is the process of removing old bone and adding new bone is called bone remodeling called? | remodeling |
| What is the name of the type of bone that woven bone is remodeled into? | lamellar bone |
| is lamellar bone organized into thin sheets or randomly oriented? | thin sheets |
| What is the name of the matrix of thin sheets that lamellar bone is organized into? | lamellae |
| Where are osteocytes (in lacunae) located with respect to the lamellae? | sandwiched between lamellae |
| What are the 2 types of bones that both woven and lamellar can be classified into according to the amount of matrix relative to the amount of space within the bone? | spongy and compact bone |
| Define spongy bone | porous bone with less matrix and more space |
| What is the name of the interconnecting rods/plates of bone oriented along lines of mechanical stress? | trabeculae |
| Are trabeculae found into spongy or compact bone? | spongy |
| What 2 things fill the spaces of spongy bone? | marrow and blood vessels |
| Define compact bone | Dense bone with more matrix and less space. |
| What is the basic structural unit of compact bone? | osteon |
| What 2 components make up an osteon? | blood vessel filled central canal, and concentric lamellae of bone that surrounds the central canal |
| The lacunae and canaliculi of osteons contain what 2 things? | osteocytes and fluid |
| The outer surface of compact bone is formed by what kind of lamellae? | circumferential lamellae |
| Define interstitial lamellae | remnants of osteons |
| What process replaces interstitial lamellae? | remodeling |
| what kind of canals, passing through the concentric lamellae, deliver blood to central canals of the osteons and run perpendicular to length of the bone. | Volkmann canals (perpendicular canals) |
| What are 2 ways that nutrients and wastes travel to and from osteocytes through the canal system? | interstitial fluid of lacunae and canaliculi, or from osteocyte to osteocyte by gap junctions |
| What are the 4 major bone shapes? | long, short, flat, and irregular |
| Give an example of long bones | upper and lower limbs |
| Give an example of short bones | carpals and tarsals |
| Give an example of flat bones | ribs, sternum, skull, and scapulae |
| Give an example of irregular bones | vertebrae and facial bones |
| What are the 6 components that make up the structure of a long bone? | diaphysis, epiphysis, epiphyseal plate, medullary cavity, periosteum, and endosteum |
| What kind of bone is the diaphysis made of: compact or spongy bone? | compact |
| What kind of bone is the epiphysis made of: compact or spongy bone? | spongy |
| What is the name of the area of hyaline cartilage that separates the epiphyses and diaphysis in children? | epiphyseal plate |
| When children age and grow, what becomes of the epiphyseal plate? | the plate becomes ossified into the epiphyseal line |
| Is the epiphyseal plate a site of lenght or width growth? | length growth |
| What fills the medullary cavity? | bone marrow |
| What is red bone marrow the production site of? | blood cell production |
| what is yellow bone marrow made of? | adipose tissue |
| What is the medullary cavity filled with in fetuses and children? | red bone marrow |
| What is the medullary cavity filled with in adults? | yellow bone marrow |
| What king of connective tissue is the outer layer of the periosteum made of? | dense irregular collagneous CT |
| Does the outer layer of the periosteum contain blood vessels and nerves? | yes |
| Which component of the structure of long bones is the place where ligaments and tendons can attach to bone? | periosteum |
| What is found in the inner osteogenic layer of the periosteum? | osteoblasts, osteoclasts, and osteochondral grogenitor cells |
| While the endosteum is similar to the periosteum, what makes it different? | the endosteum is more cellular and single layered |
| What lines all internal surfaces of all cavities including the medullary cavity within diaphysis and smaller cavities within spongy and compact bone? | endosteum |
| What are the structural components of flat bones? | epiphysis and a sandwich of spongy bone between compact bone |
| Do flat bones have a diaphysis? | No |
| What are the structural components of short and irregular bones? | compact bone surrounds a spongy bone center, similar to the epiphysis of long bones |
| Do short and irregular bones have a diaphysis? | No |
| Are short and irregular bones elongated? | No |
| What are the 2 patterns of bone development? | intramembranous ossification, and endochondral ossification |
| In intramembranous ossification, bones form from what pre-existing material? | connective tissue membrane |
| In endochondral ossification, bones form from what pre-existing material? | cartilage |
| What are the 3 steps of intramembranous ossification? | 1: osteoblast formation, 2: spongy bone formation, 3: compact bone formation |
| What bones does intramembranous ossifcation form? | skull bones, the mandible, and the diaphysis of the clavicles |
| What is the location on the membrane where ossification begins called? | ossification centers |
| What are fontanels or soft spots? | The membrane covered spaces between developing skull bones that have not yet ossified |
| Discuss the first step of intramembraneous ossification, osteoblast formation, in detail | Embryonic cells differentiate into OPCs, then differentiate into osteoblasts, Osteoblasts produce bony matrix at the centers of ossifcation, then become osteocytes. Ossification expands outward, resulting in many tiny trabeculae of woven bone |
| Discuss the second step of intramembraneous ossification, spongy bone formation, in detail | More osteoblasts gather on trabeculae, enlarging them and spongy bone forms as these trabeculae join. |
| Discuss the third step of intramembraneous ossification, compact bone formation, in detail | Cells within spongy bone spaces specialize to form red bone marrow and cells around the spongy bone specialize to form the periosteum. Osteoblasts of the periosteum form an outer surface of compacr bone. Remodeling then turns woven to lamellar bone. |
| What are the 5 steps in endochondral ossification? | cartilage model formation, bone collar formation, primary ossification center formation, secondary ossification center formation, and adult bone |
| What bones are formed by endochondral ossification? | the base of the skull, part of the mandible, the epophysis of the clavicle and most of the remaining bones of the skeletal system. |
| Discuss the first step of endochondral ossification, cartilage model formation, in detail | Mesenchymal cells cluster where bone will eventually form, then become osteochondral progenitor cells and then chondroblasts. These cells produce a hyaline cartilage model surrounded by perichondrium, except where joints will form. |
| Discuss the second step of endochondral ossification, bone collar formation, in detail | blood vessels invade perichondrium, OPCs become osteoblasts, perichondrium becomes periosteum, compact bone of cartilage surface makes bony collar, cartilage model and chondrocytes hypertrophy, cartilage matrix calcifies (chondrocytes then dies) |
| Discuss the third step of endochondral ossification, primary ossification center formation, in detail | forms when blood vessels and osteoblasts invade calcified cartilage. Osteoblasts turn calcified cartilage into diaphysis of spongy bone. Osteoclasts erode center of diaphysis (medullary cavity), red bone marrow forms |
| Discuss the fourth step of endochondral ossification, secondary ossification center formation, in detail | created in the epophyses by osteoblasts, events are the same as primary center, except without formation of medullary cavity, all cartilage replaced in bone except in the epiphyseal plate and on articular surfaces. |
| Does the epiphyseal plate continue to exist during the time a person's bones are actively growing? | yes |
| Discuss the fifth step of endochondral ossification, adult bone, in detail | in adult bone, spongy and compact bone fully developed and epiphyseal plate ossified into epiphyseal line, only articular cartilage at the ends of bones remain and do not ossify, all original perichondrium is now periosteum. |
| What kind of growth do bones only undergo: appositional or interstitial? | appositional growth |
| Why can interstitial grow not occur in bone growth? | because bone matrix is solid and new bone formation occurs on older bone or cartilage |
| Where do long bones increase in length? | at the epiphyseal plate |
| What are the 5 zones of the epiphyseal plate? | zone of resting cartilage, zone of proliferation, zone of hypertrophy, zone of calcification, zone of ossified bone |
| Which zone of the epiphyseal plate is nearest the epiphysis and consists of slowly dividing chondrocytes? | zone of resting cartilage |
| Which zone of the epiphyseal plate consists of rapidly dividing chondrocytes form columns and produce new cartilage by interstitial growth? | zone of proliferation |
| Which zone of the epiphyseal plate consists of chondrocytes produced in the zone of proliferation mature and enlarge closer to the diaphysis. | zone of hypertrophy |
| Which zone of the epiphyseal plate consists of dead hypertrophied chondrocytes within calcified cartilage matrix? | zone of calcifcation |
| Which side of the epiphyseal plate do blood vessels grow into the area containing osteoblasts from the endosteum | the diaphyseal side |
| In the zone of ossified bone, which kind of growth is used by osteoblasts to lay down new bone? | appositional growth |
| On what surface in the zone of ossified bone do osteoblasts lay down new bone? | cartilage surface |
| Why do normal adult bones stop growing in lenght? | because the epiphyseal plate has ossified and become the epiphyseal line |
| In growth at articular cartilage, where does the epiphysis increase in size? | articular cartilage |
| Where are chondrocytes located in terms of growth at the articular cartilage? | near the surface of the articular cartilage |
| Does articular cartilage persists throughout life? | Yes |
| In terms of growth in bone width, osteoblasts from where lay down bone under the periosteum? | periosteum |
| In terms of growth in bone width, osteoclasts from where reabsorb bone surrounding the medullary cavity? | endosteum |
| In terms of growth in bone width, lamella from where reabsorb bone surrounding the medullary cavity? | endosteum |
| What factors affect bone growth? | nutrition and hormones |
| Where does vitamin D come from? | the sun |
| What is vitamin D necessary for? | calcium absorption |
| What is a disease that can occur from a lack of vitamin D during childhood? | rickets |
| What is a major sign of rickets? | bowing limbs |
| In rickets, do bones have less mineral or less collagen? | less mineral |
| What is vitamin C necessary for? | collagen synthesis by osteoblasts |
| What is a disease that can occur from a lack of vitamin C? | scurvy |
| What are the effects of scury? | loss of ligaments holding teeth, slower rate of wound healing, increased hemorrhaging, and increase in ulcers |
| Where do growth hormones come from? | anterior pituitary gland |
| what do growth hormones stimulate? | interstitial cartilage growth and appositional bone growth |
| What is the thyroid hormone required form the growth of? | all tissues |
| What does sex hormones cause? | Cause growth at puberty, but also cause closure of the epiphyseal plates (ossification) and the cessation of growth. |
| Explain why women are usually shorter than men using your knowledge of sex hormones. | Women are usually shorter than men because estrogen is more potent than testosterone at closing the epiphyseal plate! |
| During bone remodeling, as long bones increase in length, what happens to the size of the medullary cavity? | it also increases |
| During bone remodeling, is the thickness of the compact bone maintained? | yes |
| Does mechanical stress increase or decrease osteoblasts activity? | increase |
| Does reduced stress decrease or increase bone denstiy? | decrease |
| What are the 4 steps of bone repair? | 1) hematoma formation, 2) callus formation, 3) callus ossification, 4) bone remodeling |
| What is a callus made of? | cartilage and collagen |
| Where does an internal callus form? | between the ends of broken bone |
| What does an external callus form around the opposing ends of bone fragments? | a collar |
| In bone reparation, what replaces the callus with woven spongy bone: endochondral or intramembranous ossification? | endochondral ossification |
| What ion is a key physiological regulator of many processes required to maintain homeostasis such as muscle contraction? | Ca 2+ |
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