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AP Bio Unit 1 Test
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Hydrogen bond | Form when a hydrogen atom covalently bonds to one electronegative atom, is also attracted to another electronegative atom |
| Van der Waal bond (interactions) | Occur when transiently positive and negative region so molecules attract each other; weak chemical bonds; reinforce shapes of large molecules, help molecules adhere to each other, molecular shape; helps with specificity |
| Carbon | Flexible (due to bonding capabilities); backbone of biological molecules; all living organisms made up of chemicals based mostly on carbon; can form diverse molecules by bonding to 4 other atoms (can form carbon skeletons) |
| 3 Shapes of Backbones (in carbons?) | Linear, branching, ring/cyclic |
| Carbon Chains | Forms the skeletons of most organic molecules; vary in length and shape |
| Hydrocarbons | Molecules consisting of only carbon and hydrogen |
| 6 Functional Groups | Hydroxyl (alcohol group + all 4: carbs, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids); carboxyl (carbs, lipids, also proteins); amino (protein); sulfhydryl (protein); phosphate (nucleic acids, DNA/RNA); methyl (lipids) |
| Functional groups are the parts of molecules involved in what | Chemical reactions (Give organic molecules distinctive chemical properties) |
| Properties of Water (!) | Polarity, cohesion, adhesion, surface tension, moderation of temperature, high specific heat |
| Polarity of Water (!) | Allows water molecules to form hydrogen bonds with each other; contributes to various properties of water |
| Cohesion of Water (!) | Water hydrogen bonding to water (when water molecules hydrogen bond to themselves) (+ capillary action) |
| Adhesion of Water (!) | Water hydrogen bonding to other polar surfaces (and other molecules) (+ capillary action) |
| Surface tension of Water (!) | Measure of how hard it is to break the surface of a liquid; direct result of cohesion; important for seed dispersal; (cohesion & adhesion develop a surface based on the interaction of hydrogen bonds) |
| Moderation of temperature of Water (!) | Water moderates air temperature (by absorbing heat from air that's warmer and releasing stored heat to air that's cooler); kinetic energy; heat; imperative |
| High Specific Heat of Water (!) | Allows water to minimize temperature fluctuations to within limits that permit life; heat is absorbed when hydrogen bonds break/heat released when hydrogen bonds form |
| Specific Heat (!) | Amount of heat that must be absorbed/lost for 1 gram of substance to change its temp by 1 degrees Celsius |
| Hydrophilic (!) | Water loving (polar) |
| Hydrophobic (!) | Water fearing (non polar) |
| Acid | Any substance that increases the hydrogen ion concentration of a solution |
| Base | Any substance that reduces the hydrogen ion concentration of a solution |
| What is the pH of a solution determined by | The relative concentration of hydrogen ions (H+ high concentrating in acid, H+ low concentration in base) |
| Main Classes of Organic Compounds/Macro-Molecules in Cells | Carbohydrates, nucleic acids, proteins, lipids |
| Polymer | Long molecule consisting of many similar building blocks called monomers |
| What 3 things (?) form polymers | Carbohydrates, nucleic acids, proteins |
| How do monomers form polymers | Condensation reactions (called dehydration reactions) |
| Does dehydration or hydrolysis build | Dehydration |
| Polymers can disassemble by | Hydrolysis reactions |
| Carbohydrates | Serve as fuel and building materials; include sugars and their polymers |
| Monosaccharides | Simplest sugars; can be used for fuel; can be converted into other organic molecules; can be combined into polymers; ratio of 1:2:1 (C6H12O6); Glucose, fructose, galactose |
| Disaccharides | Consist of 2 monosaccharides; are joined by a glycosidic linkage |
| Glucose + glucose | Maltose |
| Glucose + fructose | Sucrose |
| Glucose + galactose | Lactose |
| Polysaccharides | Polymers of sugars; carbohydrates (serve many roles); consists of long chains of monosaccharides bonded by glycosidic linkages; helical |
| Plant cells store their sugar cells as what | Starch |
| Starch | Polymer consisting entirely of glucose monomers; major storage form of glucose in plants |
| Glycogen | Consists of glucose monomers; major storage form of glucose in animals |
| Cellulose | Polymer of glucose; has different glycosidic linkages than starch; major component of the tough walls that enclose plant cells |
| Polysaccharides Function | Long term energy storage and structure |
| Poly | Long chain of glucose monomers |
| Plant cells | Starch (long term energy storage); unbranched (amylose), semi branched (amylopectin); found in chloroplasts of a plant; cellulose molecule (for structure & support) |
| Animal Cell | Polysaccharide is used in glycogen (extensively branched); found in liver and muscle tissue; helical and branched (extensively) |
| Chitin | Another important structure polysaccharide; found in exoskeletons; can be used as surgical thread |
| Storage, energy, structure | Carbon |
| Lipids (fats, oils, waxes) | Hydrophobic molecules; NON POLAR; are the one class of large biological molecules that do not consist of polymers |
| 3 Main Types of Lipids | Simple lipids, Compound, Derived |
| What's in the formation of a triglyceride | 1 glycerol, 3 fatty acid tails |
| Saturated Fatty Acids | No double bonds between carbons; linear (straight line); solid at room temp; not good for health |
| Unsaturated Fatty Acids | One or more double bonds between carbons; best for overall health; liquid at room temp |
| Are cis or trans fats better for you | Cis fats |
| Function of Lipids | Insulation; long term energy storage; buoyance; protection of organs; cell communication |
| Structure for lipid (cell) membranes | Phospholipid |
| Cholesterol | Lipids; consist of 4 FUSED RINGS; make up steroids; found in cell membranes (maintain membrane, fluidity) |
| 3 Main Steroids (?) | Estrogen, progesterone, testosterone |
| Phospholipid | Function is structure (cell membrane); only 2 fatty acids; have phosphate group instead of a 3rd fatty acid tail |
| Functions for Protein | Enzymes, transport, structure, hormones, defense, contractile, storage |
| Amino acids have how many different functions (?) | 7 |
| Polymers of Amino Acids (!) | Polypeptides |
| What organic molecule has a ring structure | Carb |
| What has organic molecule a straight structure | Lipid |
| How many different amino acids make up proteins | 20 |
| What bonds link Amino Acids | Peptide bonds |
| What in a protein determines how it functions | Protein's specific shape |
| 3 Functional Groups | Carboxyl, amino, alcohol |
| 4 Levels of Protein Structures | Primary, Secondary, Tertiary, Quaternary |
| Primary Protein Structure | Sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide; determines what other structures look like; PEPTIDE BONDS hold it in its structure |
| Secondary Protein Structure | The folding/coiling of the primary structure; includes the a helix and b pleated sheet; HYDROGEN BONDS (between functional groups) hold it together |
| Tertiary Protein Structure | Overall 3 dimensional shape of a polypeptide ; folding/coiling of the secondary structure; has ALL 4 BONDS; disulfide bridge; results from interactions between amino acids & R groups |
| What is the strongest bond in tertiary and quaternary structures | Disulfide bridge |
| Quaternary Protein Structure | Results from the coming together of 2 or more polypeptide subunits; has 3 polypeptides; uses ALL 4 BONDS |
| Protein conformation | Depends on the physical and chemical conditions of the protein's environment |
| Denaturation | When a protein unravels and loses its original shape |
| What can denature a protein | Temperature and pH |
| Does temperature slow down or speed up enzyme reaction | Speed up |
| Substrates --> enzymes --> | Products |
| Catalytic cycle of an Enzyme | All enzymes are proteins; are a catalyst (speed up reactions); not consumed in their reactions; are substrate specific |
| Catabolic Pathways (Ex: Hydrolysis, cellular respiration) | Break down complex molecules into simpler compounds; release energy |
| Anabolic Pathways (Ex: Dehydration, photosynthesis) | Build complicated molecules from simpler ones; consume energy |
| Bond that holds lipids/fatty acids (triglycerides) (to glycerol) (!) | Ester linkage |
| Bonds that hold carbs (in their polymers) (!) | Glycosidic linkage |
| What major bond holds protein (!) | Peptide bond |
| Monomer of nucleotides (!) | Polynucleotide |
| Bond that holds nucleotides together (!) | Phosphodiester bonds |
| DNA vs RNA | Deoxyribose vs Ribose; Helical vs Linear; Double stranded vs Single stranded; Thymine vs Uracil |
| What type of bond(s) do Primary Protein Structure use | Peptide bonds (between amino acids) |
| C Terminus | Carboxyl terminus (carboxylic acid end of chain) |
| R Groups can determine what? | Polarity |
| What type of bond(s) do Secondary Protein Structures use | Hydrogen bonds (between backbone) |
| What type of bond(s) do Tertiary Protein Structures use | All 4 bonds (hydrogen, covalent, ionic, vanderwaal) (between R groups) |
| What type of bond(s) do Quaternary Protein Structures use | All 4 bonds (between R groups of different polypeptides) |
| N Terminus | Amino terminus (amine end of chain) |
| What type of bond does glucose have | Covalent |
| The reaction that covalently bonds monomers together to form polymers | Dehydration (synthesis) |
| Name the reaction that breaks down polymers into their monomer units | Hydrolysis (reactions) |
| Trace elements (list) | Calcium, iron, sodium, phosphorus, Sulphur |
| Calcium | Bones, teeth, involved in synaptic transfer |
| Iron | Involved in oxygen transfer |
| Sodium | Involved in impulse generation, in nervous system |
| Phosphorus | Found in nucleic acids and phospholipids (membranes) |
| Covalent bond | Electrons shared between 2 or more atoms (unequally); in a polar covalent bond |
| Ionic bond | Between 2 or more atoms, electrons are traded (given/taken); electrical attraction between 2 oppositely charged atoms or groups of atoms |
| Essential elements of life include | Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus (make up 96% of all living matter) |
| Sulphur | Found in certain amino acids, important for disulphide bonds |
| What are Trace Elements | Elements we need but have in small amounts |
| 4 main types of bonding | Ionic, Covalent, Hydrogen, Van der Waal |
| What are 3 examples of Disaccharides | Lactose, Maltose, Sucrose |
| Term to describe a phospholipid/other molecules that has both polar & non polar regions | Amphipathic (or amphiphilic) |
| What are 3 examples of Monosaccharides | Glucose, fructose, galactose |
| Type of bond that holds 2 sugars together | Glycosidic link |
| What type of fatty acid has a double bond | Unsaturated |
| How many fatty acids are part of a phospholipid | Two |
| Secondary level of Protein Structure has hydrogen bonds that form between what parts of an amino acid | Functional groups |
| What bonds are responsible for the Primary Structure of Proteins | Peptide Bond |
| If a polypeptide like hemoglobin has 4 polypeptides bonded to each other, and one of the amino acids is changed, what level of protein structure is disrupted | All structures |
| 3 parts of a nucleotide | Sugar molecule, nitrogen base, phosphate group |
| How do all amino acids differ | R Group |
| Examples of Structural Carbohydrates | Chitin, Cellulose |
| DNA Nucleotides | Adenine, Cytosine, Guanine, Thymine |
| What functional group is part of all fatty acids and all amino acids | Carboxyl |
| What molecule is the backbone of all steroids | Cholesterol |
| What are the 3 Carbohydrates | Monosaccharides, disaccharides, polysaccharides |
| What are 3 examples of Polysaccharides | Starch, glycogen, cellulose |
| Carbohydrates vs Lipids as Energy Sources | Carbs short term, lipids long term |
| What functional group is part of all 4 organic molecules (carbs, lipids, protein, nucleic acids) | Hydroxyl |
| What functional groups are part of the organic molecule protein | Amino, Sulfhydryl |
| What functional group is part of nucleic acids, DNA/RNA | Phosphate |
| What functional group is part of lipids | Methyl |
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Mikayla801
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