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BIO 2273 Chapter 5
BIO 2273 Exam 2
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What are the 5 functions of the integumentary system? | protection, sensation, temperature regulation, vitamin D production, and excretion |
| What parts makes up the integumentary system? | the skin, hair, nails, and glands |
| What are the 2 major layers of the skin? | the epidermis and dermis |
| True or False: the subcutaneous layer is a true layer of the skin. | False |
| What are the characteristics of the epidermis? | avascular, separated from the dermis by a basement membrane, composed of cells arranged into strata, composed of 4 major cell types |
| What kind of tissue makes up the dermis? | loose connective tissue |
| What kind of tissue makes up the hypodermis? | adipose connective tissue |
| What are the 4 types of cells that make up the epidermis? | keratinocytes, melanocytes, langerhans cells, and merkel cells |
| What are the 2 major functions of the epidermis? | resists abrasion and prevents water loss |
| What kind of epithelium (shape and layer) is the epidermis? | stratified squamous epithelium |
| What is the epidermis nourished if it is avascular? | It is nourished by the papillary layer of the dermis |
| Describe keratinocytes | produces keratin and responsible for strength |
| Describe melanocytes | contributes to skin color |
| True or False: all humans , regardless of race, have the same number of melanocytes | True |
| Describe langerhans cells | part of the immune system |
| Describe merkel cells | detects light touch and superficial pressure |
| Describe the process of keratinization | as cells move outward through the layers they fill with keratin, die, and serve as a layer that resists abrasion and forms permeability layer |
| Name the 5 strata of the epidermis from superficial to deep | stratum corneum, stratum lucidum, stratum granulosum, stratum spinosum, stratum basale |
| Which strata has high mitotic activity? | stratum basale |
| Which strata has several layers of cells held together by desmosomes? | stratum spinosum |
| Which strata holds cells together in areas of high stress? | stratum spinosum |
| Which strata consists of cells filled with granules of keratohyalin | stratum granuolsum |
| Which strata is packed with lipids and proteins? | stratum granuolsum |
| Which strata consists of a thin layer of dead, transparent cells? | stratum lucidum |
| Which strata is found only in the palms and soles? | stratum lucidum |
| Which strata consists of cornified cells? | stratum corneum |
| What are cornified cells? | dead cells with a hard protein envelop, filled with keratin protein |
| How is dandruff formed? | when the desmosomes of the strata spinosum are torn apart |
| Nicotine patches are applied to the skin and the drug diffuses through the epidermis to blood vessels in the dermis, what kinds of substances can easily pass through the skin by diffusion? | lipid soluble substances |
| Describe the characteristics of thick sin | has all 5 strata, found in areas of high pressure and friction |
| What makes up fingerprints and footprints? | Papillae of underlying dermis in parallel rows |
| Describe the characteristics of thin skin? | More flexible than than thick skin, covers the rest of the body, stratum lucidum is usually absent, has hair |
| Is hair found in thin or thick skin? | Thin skin |
| What are the 3 factors that determine skin color | genetics, exposure to light, and hormones |
| What do melanocytes produce? | Melanin |
| What does melanocytes package melanin in? | melanosomes |
| What are melanosomes transferred to? | kereatinocytes |
| How is melanin released? | exocytosis |
| How is melanin taken up by keratocytes? | endocytosis |
| Does melanized cells in darker skin break down quickly or slowly? | slowly |
| If you have a large amount of melanin, will it break down quickly or slowly? | slowly |
| Will light skin extend beyond the stratum basale? | No |
| Does less amounts of melanin break down quickly or slowly? | quickly |
| Describe the pigment abnormality of albinism | failure to secrete melanin |
| Describe the pigment abnormality of vitiligo | loss of pigment in some areas |
| Describe the pigment abnormality of freckles and moles | melanin concentrated in some areas |
| What is the difference in shape between freckles and moles? | freckles are flat, while moles protrude |
| What color is carotene? | yellow |
| Where does carotene accumulate? | stratum corneum and subcutaneous fat |
| What is carotene a precursor to? | vitamin A |
| The presence of what molecule in red blood cells adds reddish hue to skin? | hemoglobin |
| What lightens hemoglobin's reddish hue in skin? | dermal collagen |
| Describe cyanosis | decreased blood oxygen in blood |
| Describe erythema | increased blood flow |
| Is basal cell carcinoma dangerous? | No |
| is melanoma dangerous? | Yes |
| is squamous cell carcinoma dangerous? | No |
| What are the signs of melanoma? | Asymmetrical border, rough border, and changes over time |
| What are the 6 features of the dermis? | nerves, blood vessels, hair follicles, smooth muscle, glands, and lymphatic vessels |
| What are the sensory functions of the dermis? | nerve ending for pain, itch, tickle, temperature, touch, pressure, and 2 point discrimination |
| What are the 2 layers of the dermis? | superficial papillary layer, and the deep reticular layer |
| What kind of connective tissue makes up the superficial papillary layer? | loose areolar connective tissue with elastic fibers |
| What is the name of the projections of the papillary layer? | dermal papillae |
| Where does the dermal papillae extend to? | the epidermis |
| What in the papillary layer forms fingerprints and footprints? | friction ridges in thick skin |
| What kind of connective tissue makes up the reticular layer? | dense irregular connective tissue consisting mostly of collagen |
| What forms when elastic and collagen fibers oriented in some directions more than others in the reticular layer? | cleavage lines |
| How are stretch marks formed? | when the dermis ruptures and leaves visible lines through the epidermis |
| Why do surgeons want to make incisions parallel to cleave line sof the reticular layer? | to promote faster healing and less scar tissue |
| What kind of connective tissue makes up the hypodermis? | loose connective tissue that contains collagen and elastic fibers as well as adipose tissue |
| Where is half of the body's lipids stored? | the hypodermis |
| Explain when a paper cut may or may not bleed? | it will bleed it if penetrates the dermis, it will not bleed if it only penetrates the epidermis or cartilage |
| When is lanugo hair present? | in the last 3 months of fetal development |
| What is lanugo hair replaced with at the time of birth (except for the scalp, eyebrows, and eyelashes?? | vellus hair |
| What replaces lanugo hair of the scalp, eyebrows, and eyelashes? | terminal hair |
| What determines hair color? | the amount of melanin |
| What are arrector pili msucles? | smooth muscles of the hair that causes goosebumps |
| What are the 2 main types of exocrine glands? | sebaceous and sweat glands |
| what kind of gland are sebaceous glands? | holocrine |
| What are the characteristics of holocrine (sebaceous) glands? | death of secretory cells, entire cells shed by glands and become part of the secretions |
| What do sebaceous glands secrete? | sebum |
| What is the function of sebaceous glands? | prevents drying and inhibits bacteria entering |
| Where are sebaceous glands located? | hair follicles |
| What are the 2 kinds of sweat glands? | merocrine and apocrine |
| How do merocrine glands empty their contents? | exocytosis |
| What is the function of sweat? | cool the body |
| What things do merocrine glands secrete? | water, salt, urea, and ammonia |
| Where are merocrine glands located? | palms and soles |
| What are the characteristics of apocrine glands? | a portion of the cell containing secretory products is pinched off of the cell |
| Are the secretions of apocrine glands organic or inorganic? | organic |
| What kinds of glands are responsible for body odor? | apocrine (sweat) glands |
| where are apocrine glands located? | genital and axillary regions |
| Which gland is more active in puberty? apocrine or merocrine | apocrine |
| What are the 4 main sensory receptors of the skin? | pain, heat, cold, and pressure |
| Does vasodilation lower or raise body temperature | lower |
| Does vasodilation occur in the epidermis or the dermis? | dermis |
| In vimatin D production, what molecule is produced when the skin is exposed to ultraviolet light? | cholecalciferol |
| What organ modified cholecalciferol? | liver |
| What organ uses modified cholecalciferol to form active vitamin D? | kidneys |
| What does vitamin in the absorption of? | vitamin D |
| What is the name of active vitamin D? | calcitriol |
| Does vitamin D increase or decrease calcium levels? | icrease |
| What organ is responsible for the uptake of calcium? | small intestine |
| Where is calcium release | bone |
| What organ prevents calcium reduction? | kidnyes |
| What are the resulting symptoms of 3rd degree burns? | dehydration, increased risk infection, loss of sensation, and poor temperature regulation |
| How is a 3rd degree burn classified in terms of affected skin layer(s)? | destroys the epidermis, dermis, and underlying tissues |
| How is a 1st degree burn classified in terms of affected skin layer(s)? | partial damage only to the epidermis |
| How is a 2nd degree burn classified in terms of affected skin layer(s)? | damage to the epidermis and dermis |
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