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GEOG 2500 Exam 1
| term and question | definition and answer |
|---|---|
| Space | somewhere that holds no meaning |
| Place | a unit of space with boundaries that has meaning. A location where people are able to satisfy their needs (socially constructed) |
| Why does place matter? | Each geographical place is unique, demands context-specific interventions. And sense of place |
| Sense of place/Place attachment | subjective and emotional attachment people have to a place |
| 3 Ways geographers conceptualize scale | 1. Scale as size (extent) 2. Scale as hierarchy (ladder) 3. Scale as time (past/future scale) |
| Why is each type of scale important for sustainability? | 1. Size: there is a limit to which a project can be implemented (scale wise) 2. Hierarchy: know your population, who are you trying to help? 3. Time: thinking about future generations and looking at past decisions |
| *** Political Ecology | A geographical framework that combines concerns of ecology with a broadly defined political economy as a means of understanding human-environment relations |
| *** Identify the 4 key elements of political ecology | 1. Thinking across scale 2. Marginalization 3. Attention to social differences 4. Power and Discourse |
| Apolitical ecologies | Account of a problem without politics, just environmental problems (i.e. some types of population growths with some organisms) |
| 2 main criticisms of political ecology as a conceptual framework | 1. Lack of politics 2. Overly deterministic (people don't always have a choice, their hands can be forced) 3. Time consuming, takes a lot of time to see 4. Excess of factors |
| *** Intersectionality | different identities fusing together and how they experience the world = identity is not isolated |
| ** Sustainability | Ability to endure into the future, to continue without interruption |
| ** Sustainable Development | Development that meets the needs of the present generation without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs |
| Resilience | the ability to go through shocks and disturbances to then bounce back |
| Carrying Capacity | total number of people the environment can support without damage |
| Environmental Sustainability | when ecological integrity is maintained, all earth's environmental systems are kept in balance while natural resources within them are consumed by humans at a rate where they are able to replenish themselves |
| Economic Sustainability | human communities across the globe are able to maintain their independence and have access to the resources that they require to meet their needs |
| Social Equity | universal human rights and basic necessities are attainable by all people, who have access to enough resources in order to keep their families and communities healthy and secure |
| Triple Bottom Line | The correlation between environmental, economic, and social pillars to lead to sustainability |
| Auburn University Sustainability Compass | Adds wellbeing to an element of the Triple Bottom Line, some say that it is redundant |
| The UN Sustainable Development Goals | Deadline: 2030 Countries: 193 How many goals? 17 |
| Goal #1 | No poverty |
| Goal #2 | Zero hunger |
| Goal #3 | Good health and wellbeing |
| Goal #4 | Quality Education |
| Goal #5 | Gender equality |
| Goal #6 | Clean water and sanitation |
| Goal #7 | Affordable and clean energy |
| Goal #8 | Decent work and economic growth |
| Goal #9 | Industry, Innovation, and Infrastructure |
| Goal #10 | Reduced inequalities |
| Goal #11 | Sustainable cities and communities |
| Goal #12 | Responsible Consumption and production |
| Goal #13 | Climate Action |
| Goal #14 | Life Below Water |
| Goal #15 | Life on Land |
| Goal #16 | Peace, Justice, and Strong Instiutions |
| Goal #17 | Strong Partnerships |
| *** What are Muhammad Zaman's main concerns when it comes to sustainability on college campuses and why should we think about college campuses in terms of implementing and achieving the SDGs? | 1. Investment into the future 2. Increase collaboration and create new opportunities (open-mindedness) 3. Can contextualize and appreciate knowledge and skills (connection of theory and practice) 4. Universities are a good way to test new ideas |
| Publication of An Essay on the Principles of Population | 1. Thomas Malthus, 1798 2. Global scale 3. brought awareness to the issue of carrying capacity and the need to start conserving resources |
| Publication of Man & Nature | 1. George Perkins Marsh, 1864 2. Global scale 3. described the overuse of resources and the need to think about environmental stewardship |
| Foundation of the Sierra Club | 1. John Muir, 1890-1892 2. National scale 3. preserving wilderness in its untouched state. brought awareness to nature as a resource to be managed for the benefit of society |
| First National Wildlife Refuge | 1. Theodore Roosevelt, 1903 2. National scale 3. the need to protect endangered brown pelicans |
| What does the long-term history of sustainability tell us? | They shape the way we think, talk, and teach about sustainability today. |
| *** Publication of Silent Spring | 1. Rachel Carson, 1962 2. Global scale 3. Started conversations to stop using pesticides in agriculture, mentions its effects on wildlife (if we continue, we'll have a silent spring i.e., no birds) |
| Publication of the Population Bomb | 1. Paul Ehrlich, 1968 2. Global scale 3. need to think seriously about the relationship between population growth and the environment (Neo-Malthusian) |
| NEPA Signed into Law | 1. Nixon, 1970 2. National scale 3. national environmental policy act = the need to create conditions for man and nature to live in harmony |
| Alternative energy emerged as a concept | 1. Not applicable, 1973 2. Global scale 3. Spurred public awareness in both energy conservation and the search of alternatives to fossil fuels |
| Publication of Toxic Waste and Race in the US | 1. Ben Chavis, 1987 2. Global scale 3. Environmental racism/justice. impacts of climate change felt mostly by people of color |
| *** Publication of the Brundtland Report | 1. Gro Harlem Brundtland, 1987 2. Global scale 3. led to the first working definition of sustainable development-- ability to meet the needs of the current population without jeopardizing the needs of the future generations. |
| *** IPCC Formed | 1. United Nations Environmental Programme, 1988 2. Global scale 3. meet every 5 years to write a report- brought awareness to climate change/justice/mitigation. Led to discussions about climate change and its impact. |
| Conception of the MDGs | 1. Members of the UN, 2000 2. Global scale 3. MDGs put up goals for sustainable living- set up 8 different goals that the global community needed to achieve |
| Conception of the SDGs | 1. Members of the UN, 2015 2. Global scale 3. SDGs set up 17 goals that the global community needs to achieve for sustainable living |
| Chains of explanation | Series of reasons for why a problem is occurring through scales (size as hierarchy). Used to explain why a problem is affecting humans |
| By 2050, world population is estimated to be projected at | 9.7 billion people |
| Negative aspects of population growth | Have to clear more land, pollution through construction and manufacturing, increased runoff, wildlife habitats disturbed, creation of more waste (with increased consumerism), agriculture and more food production, more GHG emissions |
| What's behind population growth? | 1. Fertility rate in low income countries 2. More medical innovations/preventative measures/improved nutrition 3. Higher life expectancy 4. Lower infant mortality |
| *** Why is fertility in lower-income countries high? | 1. Prestige (it may be that the more kids you have, the more prestigious you may appear to be - cultural) 2. Higher infant mortality rate 3. Polyamory (men may have more kids with multiple women) 4. Agrarian societies: kids used as free labor |
| Actions to control population | - Improving women's rights - improving education - Economic security - Improved healthcare - one-child policy.. |
| 3 Major elements of the Malthusian theory | 1. Malthusian catastrophe: population outgrows (exponential vs. arithmetic) food production rate - will experience a Malthusian catastrophe) 2. Population doubling time (after 25 years, the population would double) 3. Natural checks on population |
| *** Weaknesses of Malthusian Theory | 1. It's not only population that leads to disaster 2. Doubling time is often inaccurate 3. Did not take into account technological advancements |
| *** Why is sustainability performance measurement important? | 1. To see if goals of the project were achieved 2. To see if it's linked to one of the SDGs & monitor progress 3. Can get more funding |
| REDD+ | Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation - climate mitigation - Norwegian gov't attempted to pursue in Tanzania |
| Green Revolution | shift in agriculture away from small, family operated farms to large, industrial-scale agribusiness. Led to an increased use of fertilization, pesticides, irrigation, GMOs, and mechanization |
| Main Actors involved in case study in Tanzania | African Wildlife Foundation, Norwegian Gov't |
| what is the nature of the sustainability intervention implemented by the AWF and the Norwegian gov't in Tanzania? | 1. Implement natural resource conservation using a REDD+ initiative, timeline of 5 years that cost $50 mil USD 2. Restrictions were put in place: no grazing, no collecting of firewood 3. Main goals- to reduce poverty and mitigate climate change |
| *** Norwegian Embassy in Tanzania claimed project success... | 1. Improved food security 2. 8-fold increase in corn production 3. Improvement with poverty |
| *** African Wildlife Foundation claimed project success... | 1. 1600 farmers adopted the green revolution approach (out of 62,000) |
| *** Independent Outside Researchers claimed project success... (pt. 1) | 1. Farmers couldn't afford pesticides or other green revolution techniques after 1 season because of the arid land 2. No significant changes found in the forest (with satellite imagery) 3. Green revolution tactics created more problems for farmers |
| *** Independent Outside Researchers claimed project success... (pt. 2) | 4. Forest management failed after 3 years 5. A 2% increase in corn production was impossible, let alone an 8% increase in corn production 6. Embassy and the AWF could not provide proof 7. # of overlapping projects in area, could not prove changes |
| Elements of political ecology in REDD+ case study | Marginalization: women were more effected along with small-scale farmers, women were generally the ones collecting supplies and had to find other ways to go about that. Power & Discourse: main actors influenced discourse Scale: villagers were effected |
| Degrowth | 1. Distribute key resources fairly to reduce inequality 2. Provision of public goods & services (equal access) 3. Cutting down the production of destructive sectors |
| Place-specific implications of degrowth | 1. Global north less impacted but consume vastly more than what's sustainable 2. Global south is the target for initiatives and receive more climate change effects |
| Why is intersectionality important in thinking about resource management and human sustainability? (pt 1) | Individuals have more than one identity and experience the world differently based on that; those identities combine to form different forms of oppression or opportunity. In order to fully implement successful sustainability measures, you need to ... |
| Why is intersectionality important in thinking about resource management and human sustainability? (pt 2) | ... account for everybody. This way, everyone is able to use it and the diffusion of successful sustainable development is felt by a larger population. |
| *** Why do NGOs often lie about outcomes of sustainable development programs? | To secure funding, job security, maintain reputation. |
| Structural innovations | changes in government structures in place ex: push for sustainability centers, dedicated personnel to manage goals/center |
| Operational innovations | day-to-day activities to ensure sustainability ex: bike to work day, zero waste days, campus shuttle |
| Climate | the long-term weather changes (+30 years) |
| Weather | short-term changes in precipitation, temperature, wind speed, evapotranspiration (climatic factors). Between 1-29 years. |
| Vulnerability | being susceptible or prone to harm/damage, lacking the capacity to adapt. Can be part of social structures in place: assets you have, income, employment, status, race, etc. |
| What makes PICs (Pacific Island Countries) more vulnerable to climate change? | Sea level rise and coastal perimeters, economy is very dependent on climate-sensitive activities (i.e., agriculture, fishing), intensification of storm surges, generally poor infrastructure, tidal inundation, groundwater salinization |
| List some of the IPCC's climate change projections into the future | More extreme weather events (10-15 years), lower income groups in both rich and poor countries will feel it more |
| Climate change adaptation | response/adaptations to climate change when they have occurred (ex: seawalls) |
| Climate change mitigation | preventing climate change from happening (reducing GHG emissions, planting more trees, solar/wind power, taxing gas vehicles, etc) |
| Null adaptation | adaptation that has no direct benefit in reducing vulnerability |
| ** Maladaptation | Adaptation that does not benefit and also goes on to cause more harm/damage and perpetuates vulnerability |
| 3 types of maladaptation | 1. Rebounding vulnerability (effects go back on you) 2. Shifting vulnerability (effects get pushed to neighbor) 3. Eroding conditions of sustainability (implementation effects global population and future generations) |
| *** Provide one real or hypothetical example of eroding sustainable development as a form of maladaptation | Real: Seawalls installed in Fiji- they were meant to help with rising sea level and storm surge intensification, but they were ineffective and caused more flooding which led to loss of income for farmers. Hypothetical: Dams being built to help with water |
| Adaptation methods | 1. Physical infrastructure: visible, easy to prove 2. Social/Behavioral: encourage people to change 3. Institutional: governance and policies |
| Main reasons why cases of maladaptation continue to increase | 1. Politics of funding (wealthy, developed countries fund projects) 2. Poor adaptation planning 3. Retrofitting (fitting an old project to fit new needs) 4. Unequal structures that exist (the elites get better treatment) |
| What are improved cookstoves? | Stoves designed to reduce the amount of firewood used in developed nations Meant to decrease indoor air pollution and can heat more efficiently than brick stone stoves |
| Where are ICSs promoted? | Developing nations 1. India; 2. Guatemala; 3. Peru; 4. Honduras; Latin America/Caribbean |
| Who funds ICSs? | WHO (mainly b/c of indoor air pollution risks), USAID, GACC, DFlD |
| GACC's main goals for 2025 | 300 million homes to adopt ICSs by 2025 (60 mil to India, 14 mil to Guatemala) |
| Reasons for growing interests in ICSs (pt 1) | 1. Health (indoor air pollution, acute respiratory diseases) 2. Local Env. Air Quality (damages to air & local forest ecosystems, destruction to wildlife habitats) 3. Regional Climate Benefits (keeping trees=mitigation) |
| Reasons for growing interests in ICSs (pt 2) | 4. Social context (gender aspect: women's responsibility to gather supplies) 5. Scaler elements (scale as hierarchy: embodiment) 6. Saves time 7. Creates jobs |
| *** Using relevant examples from any of the course modules, briefly explain the gendered and embodied effects of the use of firewood as a form of energy | Since women are generally the ones gathering firewood and cooking meals in these areas, the embodiment on women's bodies through back pains and spinal cord injuries. Also, women are inhaling disproportionate rates of particulate matter |
| *** The environmental, climate, and social justice debates around ICSs | Environmental and Climate justice: pushing climate mitigation burdens onto parts of the world where emissions are lower than others Social justice: going in and changing the way people live and then calling it "improved" is deragatory. |
| What was the adoption rate of ICSs | Low |
| ** Why were ICSs not broadly adopted in the countries where they are heavily promoted? | 1. ICSs don't provide enough heat and light 2. Not designed large enough to make right amounts of food 3. Don't fit in houses 4. People hesitant to use in case they were to break 5. Customary to sit by open fire, these didn't provide that |
| How can ICSs be promoted so that they serve as drivers to achieve the SDGs? | 1. Talk to communities about what they actually need 2. Could provide an alternative to heating/lighting 3. Refocus on actual emission problems |
| Political ecology as seen in the ICS case study | Power and Discourse: organizations were coming in and having more power to control the discourse and results of success of the implementation of ICS in Guatemala- They controlled the narrative of how it was really going) |
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