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Micro Exam Ch9
Biotechnology and DNA Technology
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is the use of microorganisms, cells, or cell components to make a product? | Biotechnology |
| What products have microbes been used in the commercial production of? | Foods, vaccines, antibiotics, and vitamins |
| What are the four tools of biotechnology from Microbes? | Molecular cloning, Vectors, CRISPR/Cas9, Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) |
| What is the insertion or modification of genes to produce desired proteins; also called GENETIC ENGINEERING? | Recombinant DNA (rDNA) technology |
| The rDNA techniques can also be used to make thousands of copies of the same DNA molecule -- to ________ DNA -- thus generating sufficient DNA for various kinds of experimentation and analysis | Amplify |
| What is a laboratory technique used to produce and/or recombine DNA? | Molecular cloning |
| Microbes are typically used somewhere during the process of molecular cloning as "_______" to produce many copies of vector DNA or desired protein product | Factories |
| What are self-replicating DNA used to carry the desired DNA (example: plasmid)? | Vector |
| What cut specific sequences of DNA (molecular "scissors")? | Restriction enzymes |
| Restriction enzymes naturally exist in many bacteria as a defense against ______ | Bacteriophages |
| Restriction enzymes allow for bacterial DNA to be protected from digestion because the cell ______ (adds methyl groups to) some of the cytosines in its DNA | Methylates |
| Some restriction enzymes cut both strands of DNA in the same place producing _____ ____ | Blunt ends |
| Some restriction enzymes make staggered cuts in the two strands -- cuts that are not directly opposite each other. These staggered ends or ____ ____, | Sticky ends |
| In a typical genetic modification procedure after the transformation of the gene, cells with gene of interest are cloned to either create and harvest _____ of a gene or create and harvest _____ ________ of a gene | Copies, protein products |
| What bacteria is used because it is easily grown and its genomics are known? | E. coli |
| Endotoxin must be eliminated from the products of what bacteria before use? | E. coli |
| What bacteria's cells must be lysed to get product? | E. coli |
| What bacteria is used to make a product since it is easily grown and its genomics are known? | Saccharomyces cerevisiae (yeast) |
| Saccharomyces cerevisiae (yeast) and mammalian cells both may express _______ genes easily | Eukaryotic |
| What bacterial cells are harder to grow and often require initial steps in bacteria to make a product? | Mammalian cells |
| What are DNA molecules (usually) used as "vehicles" that carry the DNA into a desired cell? | Vectors |
| Vectors must be capable of self-replicating once in a cell and must not be easily ______ in the new cell | Degraded |
| ______ and _____ ______ can be used as vectors | Plasmids, viral genomes |
| Johnson & Johnson COVID-19 vaccine uses a modified adenoviral (common ____ virus) vector | Cold |
| What biotechnology system is derived from our knowledge of bacterial immune systems that revolutionized our ability to edit DNA? | CRISPR/Cas9 |
| When was CRISPR/Cas9 technology popularized? | 2012 |
| What biotechnology system is like a pair of molecular scissors that enables cutting of specific sites in DNA even in LIVING cells? | CRISPR/Cas9 |
| In CRISPR/Cas9, DNA repair processes within the cell then put the "cut" DNA back together, sometimes imperfectly or sometimes by following a ______ | Template |
| Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats | CRISPR |
| What is the enzyme that makes a double-stranded break in DNA? | Cas9 |
| What guides RNA and shows Cas9 where to cut? | gRNA (guide RNA) |
| What biotechnology system is used to make multiple copies of a target piece of DNA enzymatically? | Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) |
| PCR uses heat-stable DNA _______ derived from thermophilic bacteria such as Thermus aquaticus | Polymerase |
| What biotechnology system is used to copy DNA for use in molecular cloning, amplify DNA to detectable levels, sequence DNA, diagnose genetic disease, and detect pathogens? | PCR |
| What are the three main steps that repeat to "amplify" a specific region of DNA in PCR? | Denaturation, annealing, elongation (then repeat all again) |
| What is the first step of PCR where the DNA molecule is heated to make single strands of DNA? | Denaturation |
| What is the second step of PCR where the DNA strands are cooled to allow primers to attach? | Annealing |
| What is the third step of PCR where the DNA polymerase adds nucleotides to the DNA strand? | Elongation |
| What are the ingredients for PCR? | Target DNA, primers (short pieces of nucleic acid that help start the reaction), nucleotides, DNA polymerase, a few other necessary components (buffer, MgCl2) |
| In what type of PCR procedure is newly made DNA tagged with a fluorescent dye, and the levels of fluorescence can then be measured after every PCR cycle? | Quantitative (or real-time) PCR |
| What type of PCR procedure uses viral RNA or a cell's mRNA as the template? | Reverse-transcription PCR |
| What PCR enzyme makes DNA from the RNA template, and the DNA is then amplified? | Reverse transcriptase |
| What is made from RNA by reverse transcriptase? | Complementary DNA (cDNA) |
| True or False: RNA is more stable than DNA, so it is the better nucleic acid for PCR | False (DNA is more stable than RNA) |
| What are the five biotechnology applications? | Therapeutic applications, scientific applications, forensics, epidemiology & diagnostics (tracking disease outbreaks and spread), and genetic modification of plants (such as to confer disease or drought resistance) |
| One biotechnology therapeutic application is manufacturing valuable pharmaceutical products, such as human ____ (or other proteins) | Insulin |
| One biotechnology therapeutic application is ______ vaccines (consist of only a protein portion of a pathogen) | Subunit |
| One biotechnology therapeutic application is nonpathogenic viruses carrying genes for pathogen's antigems as DNA ______ | Vaccines |
| What are the two biotechnology scientific applications? | Understanding DNA and gene functions, sequencing genomes |
| One biotechnology therapeutic application is _____ therapy which is used to replace defective or missing genes | Gene |
| Safety issues and ethics of using rDNA, Need to avoid accidental release, Genetically modified crops must be safe for consumption and for the environment | Safety issues and ethics of using rDNA |
| Who will have access to an individual's genetic information? ·Biowarfare or bioterrorism ·Genome editing in humans | Safety issues and ethics of using rDNA |
Created by:
malele-sedlacek
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