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Micro Ch 10-13
Microbial Classification
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| Taxonomy | is the science of classifying organisms into groups, based on similarities |
| Phylogeny | is the study of the evolutionary history of organisms |
| taxon | is a category of classification to demonstrate the degrees of similarity between organisms |
| endosymbiotic theory | suggests that eukaryotes developed from the merger of multiple prokaryotes |
| clades | groups of organisms deriving from a single ancestor |
| rhizobium and bradyrhizobium | symbiotic nitrogen fixers |
| nitrobacter | chemoautotrophs using nitrogen compounds |
| rhodospirillum | purple nonsulfur bacteria |
| acetobacter and gluconobacter | acetic acid formation |
| burkholderia | capable of using over 100 organic molecules |
| bordetella | causes whooping cough |
| neisseria | causes gonorrhoea, meningococcal meningitis. |
| nitrosomonas | chemoautotrophs using nitrogen compounds. |
| pseudomonas | able to grow on many organic sources |
| azomonas and azotobacter | free-living nitrogen fixers |
| vibrio | causes cholera |
| chromatium | purple sulfur bacteria |
| escherichia | commonly used in research, and can be pathogeni |
| salmonella | major cause of foodborne diseases, and typhoid fever. |
| serovars | varieties based on immunological reactions. |
| biovars | varieties based on biochemical or physiological characteristics |
| yersinia | responsible for Black Death in Europe |
| pasteurella | causes sepsis in cattle, and variants of cholera and pneumonia in avians and other animals |
| Haemophilus | common resident of upper respiratory tract, intestines, and other mucosal regions |
| Bdellovibrio | attacks other bacteria |
| Myxococcus | attacks other bacteria and forms fruiting bodies that produce myxospores |
| helicobacter | causes peptic ulcers and stomach cancer |
| bacillus | causes anthrax, insect pathogen |
| staphylococcus | common pathogen, food poisoning |
| Clostridium | causes tetanus, botulism, and gas gangrene |
| Clostridioides | newly separated from Clostridium; includes C. difficile. |
| Lactobacillus | used commercially for its capability for fermentation. |
| Enterococcus | common cause of nosocomial, or hospital-related infections |
| Beta-hemolytic streptococci | scarlet and rheumatic fever |
| Alpha-hemolytic streptococci | causes pneumonia, cavities |
| nosocomial | hospital-related infections |
| actinobacteria | gram-positive, high GC content |
| cyanobacteria | oxygenic photosynthesis |
| Planctomycetes | resembles Archaea |
| Myxococcota, Bdellovirbrionota, and Campylobacterota | formerly classified under Proteobacteria |
| Chlorobi | green sulfur bacteria |
| chloroflexi | green nonsulfur bacteria |
| spirochaetes | causes syphilis and lyme disease |
| Deinococcus-Thermus | Highly resistant to extreme conditions. Enzyme for PCR derived from T. aquaticus. |
| Mycobacterium | acid-fast cell walls, causes tuberculosis and leprosy |
| Corynebacterium | causes diphtheria |
| Propionibacterium | cheese production, cause of acne |
| Frankia | symbiotic nitrogen fixer |
| Streptomyces | common soil microbe, source of commercial antibiotics |
| Nocardia | acid-fast cell walls, common soil microbe |
| helminths | parasitic worms |
| arthropods | animals with jointed legs, and include insects and arachnids |
| balantidium coli | only known human pathogen among ciliates |
| pseudopods | cytoplasmic extensions |
| Entamoeba histolytica | primary pathogenic amoeba found in the human intestine |
| Apicomplexans | not motile in their adult form, and rely on other organisms for transmission |
| apex | tip of cell that produce enzymes allowing penetration of host tissues |
| Members of Plasmodium | cause malaria, and are transmitted by mosquitoes |
| Toxoplasma gondii | may cause congenital defects during pregnancy, as it is able to cross the placental barrier |
| Psuedo-nitzschia | mostly produce domoic acid, a neurotoxin |
| Karenia, Alexandrium, Pfiesteria, and Gambierdiscus | dinoflagellate genera that produce neurotoxins |
| saprophytes | organisms that feed on decaying organic matter |
| mycosis | fungal infection of the body |
| dermatophytes | Fungi that infect the hair, nails, and skin |
| cutaneous mycosis or dermatomycosis | fungal infection of the skin |
| subcutaneous mycosis | A fungal infection beneath the skin |
| systemic mycosis | A fungal infection throughout the body |
| budding | asymmetrical cell division |
| Saccharomyces cerevisiae | used in baking, brewing, and winemaking |
| fission | symmetrical cell division |
| Schizosaccharomyces | use fission yeast production |
| Candida albicans | can infect the skin and mucous membranes |
| Cryptococcus neoformans | can cause fungal meningitis |
| Sporothrix schenckii | can cause subcutaneous lesions underneath the skin and in lymphatic tissue |
| Histoplasma capsulatum and Coccidiodes immitis | may cause systemic mycoses in immunocompromised patients |
| Platyhelminths | flatworms |
| cestodes | tapeworms |
| trematodes | flukes |
| Nematodes | roundworms |
| paragonimiasis | lung fluke |
| virus | a microbe without a plasma membrane |
| caspid | protein coat |
| capsomeres | caspid protein units |
| viroid | consists of short RNA sequences that lack a capsid and are only found in plants |
| host range | describes what organisms virus can infect |
| bacteriophage | virus that infect bacteria |
| spikes | carbohydrate-protein complexes protruding from the envelope that help the virus attach to host cells |
| eicosahedron, | twenty-sided structure |
| helical viruses | long rods that may be rigid or flexible |
| polyhedral viruses | eicosahedron |
| enveloped viruses | roughly spherical |
| complex viruses | several shapes conjoined |
| viral species | is defined as a group of viruses with the same genetic information and host range |
| Baltimore classification | sort viruses according to the type and number of nucleic acid strand |
| lytic cycle | results in new virions being produced, as the virus hijacks the host cell’s metabolic processes. |
| lysogenic cycle | results in the viral DNA inserting itself into the bacterial chromosome. |
| Attachment (lytic cycle) | the phage attaches to the host cell’s cell wall. |
| Penetration (lytic cycle) | the phage injects its genetic material into the cell. |
| Biosynthesis (lytic cycle) | the phage genetic material is duplicated by the host cell, and viral protein synthesis begins. |
| Maturation (lytic cycle) | viral proteins and genetic material are assembled into complete virions for release |
| Release (lytic cycle) | the host cell lyses, releasing the new virions. |
| Attachment | attachment to cell membrane, not cell wall |
| Entry | entire virus enters cell, not just genetic material. |
| Penetration | the phage injects its genetic material into the cell. |
| Uncoating | removal of envelope and capsid |
| Biosynthesis | production of genetic material and proteins |
| Maturation | assembly of virions. |
| Release | enveloped viruses do not require lysis. |
| Adenoviridae | causes acute respiratory disorders. |
| Poxviridae | symptoms include pus-filled lesions |
| Herpesviridae | named for the appearance of cold sores |
| Papovaviridae | causes warts, tumors, and irregular vacuoles. |
| Hepadnaviridae | causes hepatitis |
| Picornaviridae | the smallest viruses. |
| Togaviridae | enveloped viruses. |
| Rhabdoviridae | bullet-shaped viruses |
| Filoviridae | causes hemorrhagic fever. |
| Reoviridae | dsRNA viruses found in respiratory and enteric regions of humans |
| Caliciviridae | includes Norovirus |
| Retroviridae | contains reverse transcriptase |
| reverse transcriptase, | an enzyme that converts viral RNA into DNA. |
| oncogene | is a gene that codes for products inducing uncontrolled growth, leading to cancer. |
| retroviridae (among RNA viruses) | can cause cancer |
| latent viral infection | occurs when the virus stays in balance with the host and does not cause disease. |
| persistent viral infection | occurs when viral numbers steadily increase within an organism. |
Created by:
kbarcenas9
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