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CELLS STUDY GUIDE
bio unit 2
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| robert hooke | 1665, first to see cells, looked at dead plant cell walls in cork |
| anton van leeuwenhoek | 1673, dutch microscope maker, first to view living cells |
| matthias schleiden | 1838, german botanist, concluded all plants were made of cells, cofounder of cell theory |
| theodore schwann | 1839, german zoologist, concluded all animals were made of cells, cofounder of cell theory |
| rudolph virchow | 1855, german medical doctor, observed cells dividing |
| living | all ___ things are made of cells |
| basic unit | cells are the ______ _____ of structure & function in an organism |
| existing | cells come from ____ cells |
| lynn margulis | 1970, american biologist, provided evidence that chloroplasts & mitochondria were once free living cells |
| 4 | scanning objective lens is ___x magnification |
| 10 | low power objective lens is ___x magnification |
| 40 | high power objective lens is ___x magnification |
| upside down | images in a microscope appear |
| iris diaphram | what do you use to adjust the amount of light? |
| fine | ___ adjustment knob is used to make small adjustments |
| coarse | ___ adjustment knob is used to make big adjustments |
| turret | what are the lenses on (the rotating thing) |
| body tube | what is the tube that connects the eyepiece to the rest of the microscope |
| occular | aka eyepiece of microscope |
| stage clips | hold slides in place |
| grow | to be considered living, it must ___ & develop |
| environment | to be considered living, it must respond to ____ |
| cells | to be considered living, it must be made of ____ |
| reproduce | to be considered living, it must _____ (in relation to offspring) |
| homeostasis | to be considered living, it must maintain ____ (in relation to stability) |
| organization | to be considered living, it must have levels of ____ |
| materials | to be considered living, it must exchange ___ with surrounding |
| nonliving | atoms, molecules, and organelles are ____ |
| living | cells, tissues, organs, organ systems, and organisms are ___ |
| plant | ___ cells are the biggest of the three |
| bacteria | ____ cells are the smallest of he three |
| unicellular | composed of one cell |
| multicellular | composed of many cells |
| differentiation | cells in multicellular organisms often go through a process called ___ aka take on different functions |
| stem cells | types of cells that don't specialize |
| membrane-bound | prokaryotes lack ____-____ organelles & nucleus |
| prokaryotes | bacteria cells are ____ |
| nucleoid | prokaryotes have a ___ instead of a nucles |
| peptidoglycan | prokaryote cell membrane is made of |
| purple | gram positive stains ____ |
| red | gram negative stains ___ |
| cocci | sphere shaped bacteria |
| bacilli | rod shaped bacteria |
| spirillium | spiral shaped bacteria |
| strep | chain shaped bacteria |
| staph | cluster shaped bacteria |
| plant and bacteria | what type of cells have a cell wall? |
| bacteria | what type of cell have a cell wall, nucleoid, cell membrane, ribosomes, and cytoplasm |
| eukayote | plant and animal cells are called |
| nucleus | eukaryotes have a membrane-bound ___ |
| organelles | "little organs" found in cytoplasm |
| cell membrane | made of phospholipids, controls what enters and leaves the cell |
| cell membrane | found in all cells |
| peripheral | ____ proteins are attached to the surface of the cell membrane |
| integral | ____ proteins are embedded completely through the membrane |
| shape | cell membrane helps maintain cell ___ |
| cell wall | nonliving, found in plants & bacteria |
| cellulose | cell wall is made of ___ in plant cells |
| chitin | cell wall is made of ___ in bacteria cells |
| outside | cell wall is found ___ the cell membrane |
| cytoplasm | jelly-like substance, contains all organelles, found in all cells |
| chemical reactions | cytoplasm provides medium for ____ ____ to take place |
| nuclear envelope | double membrane, contains nuclear pores, connected to rough ER |
| nuclear pores | ____ ___ control what enters and leave the nucleus |
| nucleus | contains DNA, controls the cell |
| chromatin | DNA is spread out & appears as ___ |
| chromosomes | chromatin becomes ____ in diving cells |
| cytoskeleton | help maintain cell shape & move organelles around, made of proteins (microtubules & microfilaments) |
| microfilaments | threadlike made of ACTIN |
| microtubules | threadlike & made of TUBULIN |
| mitochondria | "powerhouse of the cell", found in both plant and animal cells, double membrane |
| mitochondria | generates cellular energy (ATP), cite of cellular respiration, has its own DNA |
| cristae | folded inner membrane of mitochondria called ___ |
| matrix | interior of mitochondria is called ___ |
| endoplasmic reticulum | ER stands for |
| ER | network of hollow membrane tubules, connects to nuclear envelope & cell membrane, function in synthesis of cell products & transport (abbreviation) |
| rough | ____ ER has ribosomes on its surface |
| rough ER | makes proteins for export OUT of cell |
| smooth ER | lacks ribosomes on its surface, makes cell products used INSIDE cell |
| smooth Er | makes membrane lipids (steroids), regulates calcium (muscle cells), destroys poisonous substances (liver) |
| endomembrane | _____ system includes nuclear membrane and smooth and rough ER |
| ribosomes | made of proteins and rRNA, "protein factories" for cell, can be attached to rough ER or free in cytoplasm |
| golgi apparatus | stacks of flattened sacs, modify, sort & package molecules from Er for storage or transport out of cell |
| trans face | shipping side of golgi apparatus |
| cis face | receiving side of golgi apparatus |
| lysosomes | contain digestive enzymes, breakdown food, bacteria & worn out cell parts, programmed for cell death (autolysis/apoptosis) |
| cilia | short microtubules on the outside of cells for movement, 9+2 arrangement |
| flagella | long & few microtubules on the outside of cells for movement, 9+2 arrangement |
| centrioles | found only in ANIMAL cells, appear during cell division, 9+2 arranement |
| centrioles | help pull chromosome pairs apart during cell division, form mitotic spindle |
| chloroplasts | found only in PLANT cells, in organisms containing chlorophyll, photosynthesis, contains its own DNA |
| thylakoids | inner membrane of chloroplasts is modified into sacs called ____ |
| grana | thylakoids are in stacks called ____ |
| stroma | gel-like material surrounding thylakoids |
| vacuole | storage house of the cell |
| contactile | ____ vacuole, found only in unicellular protists, regulate water intake by pumping out excess (homeostasis) |
| vesicle | formed when the membrane bulges out and pinches off. travels to destination then merges with another cell membrane to release its cargo |
Created by:
niya.777
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