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Latin Syntax
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| What is a participial phrase and how is it translated? | Phrase or clause that contains a participle (verbal adjective). First translate literally, like "seeing", then put into idiomatic English, i.e. "when they saw". Words like since/because/although/when are used as supplements. |
| How do you identify a participial phrase? | Clauses that contain participles are participial phrases. Sometimes they are offset from the rest of the sentence by commas. |
| How do you identify a participle? | Look for verbs or verb stems with adjectival endings |
| What is a prepositional phrase and how is it translated? | Modifies a noun or verb to expand upon its meaning. Made up of a preposition like ad, in, or post and includes a noun in the accusative or ablative case. Translated literally. |
| What is an ablative absolute and how is it translated? | A participial phrase generally containing a noun and modifying participial in the ablative case. Generally set off by commas; always self-contained. Can be literally translated, but should generally be supplemented with when, since, or although. |
| What is a passive periphrastic and how is it translated? | A passive verb form that consists of the gerundive (future passive participial) along with a form of sum that indicates the tense. Commonly translated with the helping words must, has/had/will have to be, should, or ought. |
| What is an indirect statement and how is it translated? | Reports indirectly what someone has said, thought, felt, etc. Translated literally, often with the word "that" as an idiomatic aid. |
| How do you identify an indirect statement? | Look for a "head verb"- a verb of saying, thinking, knowing, perceiving, feeling, seeing, hearing, etc. Also includes an infinitive phrase and an accusative subject. |
| What is the jussive subjunctive and how is it translated? | An independent use of the subjunctive that is not contained within a clause. Translated using "let" or "let's". |
| How do you identify the jussive subjunctive? | Main verb in the sentence, and often the only verb in the sentence with no subordinate clauses. |
| What is a purpose clause and how is it translated? | A subordinate clause that indicates the objective of the main clause. Usually expressed with an infinitive in English or with the word "may". |
| How do you identify a purpose clause? | Often introduced by ut or ne. |
| What is a result clause and how is it translated? | A subordinate clause that shows the result of the action in the main clause. Often translated with "that" and the indicative mood, and does not use may or might. |
| How do you identify a result clause? | Ut introduces the clause and also contains an adverb like ita, tam, sic, or an adjective like tantus. If the clause is negative, will contain a negative word like non, nihil, nemo, numquam, or nullus. |
| What is a cum clause? | Describes an action that is in some way connected to the main clause. There are four types: temporal, causal, circumstantial, and concessive/adversative and each has a different translation. |
| How do you identify and translate a temporal cum clause? | The verb in the clause is indicative, especially when referring to the precise time of the action. Often indicated by "tum". Translated as "when" in the literal sense. |
| How do you identify and translate a causal cum clause? | The action in the clause explains the cause of the main action; translated as "since". |
| How do you identify and translate a circumstantial cum clause? | Describes the general circumstances (rather than exact time or instance) that the main action occurred. Translated as "when" in the metaphorical sense. |
| How do you identify and translate a concessive/adversative cum clause? | Describes circumstances that oppose the main action; translated as "although". |
| What is an ablative of agent and how is it translated? | Indicates the agent by whom the action of a passive verb is performed. Translated as the subject of the verb. |
| How do you identify an ablative of agent? | Often indicated by a/ab |
| What is a relative clause and how is it translated? | Provides information about the antecedent and functions like an adjective; translated literally. |
Created by:
echodges
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