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microobiology test 1
chapter 2
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| what is microbiology dependent on? | the development of the science of microscopy |
| taxonomy | science of classifying, describing and characterizing different groups (taxa) of living microorganisms |
| nomenclature | giving names to those different entities or groups |
| first word of the binomial nomenclature | genus |
| second word of the binomial nomenclature | species |
| yes or no: eukaryotic cell structure have a true nucleus | yes |
| yes or no: prokaryotic cell structure have a true nucleus | no |
| cell membrane | regulate the entrance + exit of nutrient materials and waste products maintaining proper pressure within the cell to keep from bursting |
| cytoplasm | suspends organelles |
| cell wall | defines shape of cell |
| nucleoid | involved in cell division |
| flagella or flagellum | propeller-like motion, guides bacteria towards nutritional sources |
| pilli | attaches/adheres to surfaces |
| sex pilus | will participate in conjugation |
| conjugation | when pili attach to other cells to allow them to exchange genetic material to produce |
| ribosomes | protein synthesis |
| what is the capsule made of? | polysaccharide |
| capsule | protection from drying, mediates adhesion of bacteria to human tissues + inhibits phagocytosis of bacteria |
| importance of the cell wall | it is composed of a layer of peptidoglycan which aids in preventing the cell from being crushed |
| function of the capsule | increases virulence + helps to adhere to surfaces |
| virulence | ability of a microorganism to cause disease |
| endospore | dormant, tough, non-reproductive structure produced by some bacteria |
| what happens when the bacteria turns into an endospore? | it allows the bacteria to live in unfavourable conditions or without nutrients for a long time |
| how are endospores produced? | formed by a process called sporulation |
| sporulation | DNA within bacteria is copied, septum is formed and part of cytoplasm becomes enclosed in thick protein coat |
| spores | form in response to adverse (unfavorable) conditions, resistant to disinfection (ordinary methods) + metabolically inert and may remain dormant for years |
| coccus | spherical |
| plural of coccus | cocci |
| bacillus | rod |
| plural of bacillus | bacilli |
| spirillum | spiral |
| plural of spirillum | spirochetes, vibrios & spirilla |
| vibrios | cells which resemble a comma or a curved rod i.e. Vibrio cholerae |
| spirilla | coiled forms of bacteria i.e. Helicobacter pylori |
| spirochaetes | flexuous spiral forms i.e. Treponema |
| strepto | long chains |
| staphylo | clusters |
| diplo | paired |
| tetrad | group of 4 |
| sarcina | cuboidal packets of 8 or more |
| bacteria heavily associated with carries | Streptococcus mutans |
| obligate intracellular parasites | require a eukaryotic cell to live within or bacteria that only exist inside other living cells |
| gram staining | specific staining technique used to study composition of bacteria cell wall → will indicate cell wall composition |
| gram-positive | - dark purple appearance under the microscope - this means the cell wall is rich in peptidoglycans (thicker cell wall) |
| gram-negative | - if the bacteria does not retain the stain → appear pink - this means the cell wall only has a few layers of peptidoglycans + a secondary cell mb made of LPS (lipopolysaccharides) |
| cell wall is thinner | house endotoxins (in the LPS) → toxins within the cell wall (apart of the structural component) |
| binary fission | a symmetrical process where a single cell enlarges to a point at which it divides in half to form 2 separate but identical cells |
| lag phase | bacteria increases in size (not number) |
| log phase | bacteria increases in number within optimal conditions |
| stationary phase | bacteria exceed nutrients available, environmental conditions change, maximal cell density is reached |
| decline phase | decline in the number of live bacteria |
| logarithmic fashion of bacteria reproduction | the number of new cells appearing is proportional to the population |
| bacterial conjugation | a form of sexual reproduction where bacteria exchange genetic information before dividing |
| transformation | bacteria incorporate genes from dead bacteria |
| transduction | viruses insert new genes into bacterial cells |
| acidogenic | An organism that produces acids during growth |
| aciduric/acidophylic | An organism that survives in acidic environments less than pH 5.5 |
| neutrophilic | bacteria that likes neutral pH |
| basophilic | bacteria that like basic pH |
| thermophiles | found in hot water |
| mesophiles | optimal growth at body temperature |
| psychrophiles | found in refrigerator |
| aerobic organism | require oxygen for survival |
| anaerobic organism | require a lack of oxygen for survival |
| facultative organism | have the ability to grow in either environment |
| bacteriostatic | to prevent growth and multiplication |
| bactericidal | to kill bacteria |
| Microaerophiles | can tolerate only low concentrations of oxygen of no more than 4% |
| exoenzymes | - can invade or cause damage to body tissues - enzymes active outside the cell to breakdown host cells defence - or can avoid body’s defences entirely |
| proteolytic bacteria | release proteolytic enzymes |
| saccharolytic | releases saccharolytic enzymes to breakdown sugar |
| exotoxins | - produced within the bacteria → released from cell - released by either gram+ or gram– bacteria - highly toxic in small amounts |
| cytotoxins | kills host cell or affects its function |
| enterotoxins | affects cells lining gastrointestinal tract |
| neurotoxins | interfere with nerve function |
| endotoxins | - part of outer portion of cell wall - excreted by gram– only |
| bacteria that lack what are frequently unable to cause infection? | pili |
| capsules protect bacteria against | the immune system + antibiotics |
| acellular | made of organic molecules like proteins and fats and contain no cellular or living material in the final product |
| examples of acellular organisms | viruses & prions |
| cellular | made of living or once-living cells |
| examples of cellular organisms | bacteria, archaeans (prokaryotic) & fungi, protozoa, algae (eukaryotic) |
| sterilization | exposing bacteria to extremely high temperatures to destroy and kill bacteria |
| to kill or inhibit a microbe, a drug must | cross cell's wall cross cytoplasmic membrane bind to its target (receptor) molecule |
Created by:
presleydlc
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