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Gr.12 bio (DNA unit)
History, DNA Structure and Replication
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Who discovered that the amount of adenine was equal to the amount of thymine, and the amount of cytosine was equal to the amount of guanine, in a DNA molecule? | Chargaff |
| Who discovered DNA, and not protein, was the hereditary material? | Hershey and Chase |
| Who built the first accurate model of the DNA molecule? | Watson and Crick |
| What can be found on the 3' carbon of the deoxyribose sugar in a nucleotide? | Hydroxyl group |
| What kind of linkage is found between the nucleotides along the backbone of the DNA molecule? | Phosphodiester bond |
| Which base compliments guanine? | Cytosine |
| If there is a guanine located at the 5' end of one of the strands in a DNA molecule, what base will be found at the 5' end of the other strand in the same molecule? | Guanine |
| What term describes the orientation of the 2 strands of the DNA molecule (the fact that they run beside each other, but in opposite directions)? | antiparallel |
| Who figured out the 3D shape of DNA? | Franklin and Wilkins |
| Purines include --------- and adenine | guanine |
| Pyrimidines include cytosine and --------- | thymine |
| What did Miescher call the new substance he found? | Nuclein |
| The main components of the DNA structure includes the phosphate group, the nitrogenous base, and the --------- ----- | deoxyribose sugar |
| True or false? Nitrogenous bases can be either guanine, cytosine, thymine, or ademine | True |
| The three components of the DNA structure put together is called a -------- | nucleotide |
| DNA is composed of many nucleotides held together by --------------- | phosphodiester bonds |
| Phosphodiester bonds is a type of dehydration synthesis that occurs between a ------- and -------- | phosphate and hydroxyl |
| Purines have ------- ring structures | double |
| Pyrimidines have ------ ring structures | single |
| True of False? The A-T-G-C pairing account for the fact that the width of a DNA molecule is consistent throughout. | True |
| The backbone of the DNA is the ----- -------- | sugar-phosphate |
| 5'end is a phosphate group found on the ----- carbon, and for 3' hydroxyl is found on the third carbon. | fifth |
| 1 complete turn is made every ---- nucleotides | 10 |
| Whose approach involved taking x-ray crystallography photos of DNA? | Franklin and Wilkins |
| Who was accused of being a double agent? | Pauling |
| Mehelson and Stahal concluded that DNA replication was -------- | semiconservative |
| Each DNA strand is composed of one parent strand and one ---- -------- strand | newly made |
| How many origin sites do Prokaryotes have? | One |
| How many origin sites can Eukaryotes have? | more than 1 |
| The enzyme ------ breaks the hydrogen bonds holding the two parent strands together | helicase |
| What does SSB stand for? | Single stranded binding protein |
| ----- prevent the newly exposed template strands from reannealing again | SSBs |
| DNA polymerase can only make new strands in the ------- direction | 5' to 3' |
| What is the term for the following definition? Enzyme that creates DNA by assembling nucleotides | DNA polymerase |
| DNA polymerase cannot initiate a new strand by itself so an ----- ------ is required | RNA primer |
| Which enzyme lays down RNA primers? | Primase |
| How many replication forks do Eukaryotic cells have? | Multiple |
| DNA polymerase ----- at the site of the RNA primer | binds |
| The template strand goes in a 3' to 5' direction, so the new DNA must be synthesized -------- because DNA strands are antiparallel | 5' to 3' |
| The ------ ------ is built continuously towards the replication fork | leading strand |
| DNA polymerase builds short segments of DNA known as -------- ------- | Okazaki fragments |
| A ------- -------- is built discontinuously away from the replication fork | lagging strand |
| ----- ----------- can only bind to the 3' end of a DNA template | DNA polymerase |
| In eukaryotes, ------- removes the RNA primers and replaces it with DNA | Rnase H |
| The removal of RNA primers in prokaryotes is done by -------- ------- | DNA polymerase |
| ----- ---------- joins the gaps in Okazaki fragments by the creation of phosphodiester bonds | DNA ligase |
| --- ---------- replaces RNA primers with appropriate deoxyribonucleotides leaving a gap between fragments | DNA polymerase |
| ---- ---------- adds deoxyribonucleotides from primer to primer forming Okazaki fragments | DNA polymerase |
| DNA polymerase acts as an --------- which are proofreaders for the replicating structures | exonuclease |
| Which enzyme cuts out incorrectly paired nucleotides at the end of a complementary strand and adds the correct ones? | Exonuclease |
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