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bio 101 - exam 2
| Term | Definition |
|---|---|
| DNA | deoxyribonucleic acid; stores the information each cell needs to produce protein/function |
| Enzymes | Proteins that speed up chemical reactions |
| DNA Bases | Adenine, Thymine, Guanine, Cytosine |
| Double Helix | two strands of nucleotides wound about each other; structure of DNA |
| Genome | all of an organism's genetic material |
| Chromosome | discrete package of DNA coiled around proteins |
| Gene | sequence of DNA that encodes a specific protein or RNA molecule |
| RNA | ribonucleic acid; single stranded nucleic acid that can leave the nucleus and helps make nucleic acid information into proteins |
| Central Dogma | DNA-transcription-RNA-translation-protein (Nucleus --> Ribosome/Cytoplasm) |
| Transcription | production of RNA using DNA as a template |
| Translation | assembly of an amino acid chain according to the sequence of nucleotides in mRNA |
| Protein Synthesis | RNA makes a copy of DNA, takes it to a ribosome where it is "read" and translated into amino acids |
| mRNA | messenger RNA; a molecule of RNA that encodes a protein |
| Codon | a triplet of mRNA bases that specifies a particular amino acid or a "stop" signal |
| tRNA | transfer RNA; a molecule of RNA that binds an amino acid at one site and an mRNA codon at its anticodon site |
| rRNA | ribosomal RNA; a molecule of RNA that, along with proteins, forms a ribosome |
| Mutation | a change in a dna sequence |
| Substitution Mutation | the replacement of one DNA base with another |
| Insertion Mutation | addition of one or more nucleotides to a gene |
| Deletion Mutation | removal of one or more nucleotides from a gene |
| Frameshift Mutation | type of mutation in which nucleotides are added or deleted by any number other than a multiple of three, altering the reading frame |
| Mutagen | any external agent that causes a mutation |
| Alleles | alternative versions of a gene |
| Homeotic Gene | any gene that, when mutated, leads to organisms with structures in the wrong places |
| Meiosis | division of genetic material that halves the chromosome number and yields genetically variable nuclei |
| Gametes | reproductive cells |
| Fertilization | the union of two gametes |
| Mitosis | division of genetic material that yields two genetically identical nuclei |
| Apoptosis | programmed cell death |
| DNA Replication | DNA unzips into two parts and splits with the cell nucleotides are joined with their match on new strand enzymes join together the fragments |
| DNA Polymerase | enzyme that makes copies of DNA before cell division |
| Cell Cycle | sequence of events that occur in an actively dividing cell |
| Interphase | stage preceding mitosis or meiosis, when the cell carries out its functions, replicates its DNA, and grows |
| Cytokinesis | distribution of cytoplasm into daughter cells in cell division |
| G1 Phase | gap stage of interphase in which the cell grows and carries out its basic functions |
| S Phase | the synthesis phase of interphase, when DNA replicates |
| G2 Phase | gap stage of interphase in which the cell makes its final preparations for division |
| Prophase | stage of mitosis when chromosomes condense and the mitotic spindle begins to form |
| Metaphase | stage of mitosis in which chromosomes are aligned down the center of a cell |
| Anaphase | stage of mitosis in which the spindle pulls sister chromatids toward opposite poles of the cell |
| Telophase | stage of mitosis in which chromosomes arrive at opposite poles and nuclear envelopes form |
| Cleavage Furrow | in dividing animal cells, the indentation that begins the process of cytokinesis |
| Cell Plate | in plants, the materials that begin to form the wall that divides two cells |
| Binary Fission | A form of asexual reproduction in which one cell divides to form two identical cells. |
| Diploid Cells | cell containing two full sets of chromosomes, one from each parent; also called 2n |
| Karyotype | a size-ordered chart of the chromosomes in a cell |
| Autosomes | a nonsex chromosome |
| Sex Chromosome | a chromosome that carries genes that determine sex |
| Homologous Pair | two chromosomes that look alike and have the same sequence of genes |
| Haploid Cells | cell containing one set of chromosomes; also called n |
| Germ Cells | specialized cell that gives rise to gametes |
| Somatic Cell | body cell that does not give rise to gametes |
| Locus | the location of an allele on a chromosome |
| Trait | an inherited characteristic that corresponds to a protein |
| True-Breeding | always producing offspring identical to the parent for one or more traits; homozygous |
| Hybrids | producing a mix of offspring for one or more traits; heterozygous |
| Functional Protein | made when a dominant allele undergoes protein synthesis |
| Nonfunctional Protein | made when a recessive allele undergoes protein synthesis |
| Genotype | an individual’s combination of alleles for a particular gene |
| Phenotype | observable characteristic of an organism |
| Wild-Type Allele | the most common allele, genotype, or phenotype |
| Mutant Allele | an allele, genotype, or phenotype that is not the most common in a population or that has been altered from the “typical” (wild-type) condition |
| P Generation ("Pure" or parental) | the first generation (true-breeding) in a genetic cross |
| F1 Generation | the offspring of the P generation in a genetic cross |
| F2 Generation | the offspring of the F1 generation in a genetic cross |
| Autosmal Dominant Disorder | inheritance pattern of a dominant allele on an autosome expressed whether one or two dominant alleles are expressed |
| Autosmal Recessive Disorder | expressed when an individual has two recessive alleles for a disease |
| Pedigree | chart showing family relationships and phenotypes |
| Polygenic Traits | caused by more than one gene; polygenic traits are typically expressed as a continuum of possible phenotypes |
Created by:
aalleb
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